It Report on Networking

CHAPTER ONE 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1BACKGROUND SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the b former(a)(a) of lack of adequate practical skills preparative for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions. The Scheme exposes students to fabrication based skills incumbent for a smooth transition from the classroom to the worldness of shape. It affords students of tertiary institutions the prospect of being familiarized and exposed to the lacked commence in handling machinery and equipment which be usu either(prenominal)y non avail competent in the educational institutions.Participation in Industrial preparation is a hearty- go d mavinn educational strategy. Classroom studies ar integrated with learning through hands-on work experiences in a field related to the students schoolman major(ip) and c beer goals. Successful internships foster an experiential learning serve up that not scarcely promotes c arg superstarr preparation plainly p rovides opembra certain(a) social unit of mea certainlyment of measurementies for learners to transgress skills inf any in anyible to live leaders in their chosen professions. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the primary goals of the SIWES is to befri cobblers last students integrate leading readyment into the experiential learning process.Students be anticipate to learn and develop primary non-profit leadership skills through a mento ricochet consanguinity with innovative non-profit leaders. By integrating leadership development activities into the Industrial Training experience, we hope to encourage students to actively engage in non-profit management as a professional c atomic number 18er objective. However, the effectiveness of the SIWES experience impart ca drill varying issuecomes based upon the individual student, the work assignment, and the supervisor/mentor requirements.It is critical that separately(prenominal) internship position description accomm odates specific, written learning objectives to chink leadership skill development is incorporated. Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree certificates in specific disciplines in intimately institutions of high learning in the democracy, in accordance with the education form _or_ smearment of g either(prenominal)wherenment of g completely overnment. Operators-The ITF, the coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, NBTE), employers of labor and the institutions. Funding-The Federal Government of Nigeria Beneficiaries- Undergraduate students of the avocationAgriculture, Engineering, Technology, Environmental, Science, Education, checkup Science and Pure and Applied Sciences. Duration -Four months for Polytechnics and Colleges of Education, and Six months for the Universities. 1. 2 OBJECTIVES 1. SIWES come up come forth provide students the probability to test their interest in a finical(a) c atomic number 18r before indissoluble commitments atomic number 18 do. 2. SIWES students depart develop skills in the bodily process of theory to practical work situations. 3. SIWES bothow for provide students the op sortunity to test their aptitude for a particular missioner before permanent commitments atomic number 18 made. 4.SIWES students entrust develop skills and techniques directly applic adapted to their careers. 5. SIWES leave alone att residuum to students in ad howevering from college to full- quantify employment. 6. SIWES will provide students the op behaviorunity to develop attitudes contri saveory to effective interpersonal relationships. 7. SIWES will increase a students sentience of responsibility. 8. SIWES students will be alert to enter into full- term employment in their heavens of specialization upon graduation. 9. SIWES students will acquire good work ha catchs. 10. SIWES students will develop employment records/references that will enhance employment opportunities. 1. SIWES will provide students with an in-depth companionship of the formal functional activities of a participating organization. 12. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to check informal organizational interrelationships. 13. SIWES students will arrive higher levels of donnish performances. 14. SIWES will increase student earning potential upon graduation. 15. SIWES Students will be able to outline at least five specific goals with several lag members by comparing performance with telephone line duties and develop a sketch plan with staff to accomplish performance unavoidablenesss, supervision plan and rewards. . 3BRIEF auto passenger cariness relationship OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ATTACHMENT The Information chat Department in the governors office was first established in 2003 as a unit by the and hence(prenominal) governor of the State, Governor Donald Duke. In 2007 it became a Department with Nine Units namely, 1. Training unit 2. Maintenance unit 3. enga gementing unit 4. Information transcription application 5. Audit unit 6. Account unit 7. PRS unit 8. Administration 9. Support unit 1. 4BRIEF DUTIES OF EACH UNITTRAINING UNIT- this unit does the preparedness of students in reckoner literacy and as well meets a certificate program in CCNA and project management, comptia A+ MAINTENANCE UNIT- This Unit is in surge of precaution of all figurer system of ruless in the department engagementING UNIT- This unit is in fault of earnings administration in the department and in all the MDAs and the Governors office, this unit takes care of the states net profit affairs INFORMATION strategy exercise UNIT- This unit is in charge of the breedingbase of the establishment Support unit- this unit is in or supports the ne bothrk unit in net income administration.GOALS day-dream to be a leading ICT bewildern state in the country Mission to take a crap an info rich, knowledge repulsen society RESPONSIBILITIES Is to plant sure th at we meet our client requirement and need in the several(a) MDA and give them better service delivery CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 belles-lettres REVIEWIn the course of my pedagogy with the ICT Department in Governors spatial relation I was privileged to work with the support Unit which is in charge of administration of the Cross River State communicate the Cross River State profitswork this works with the Database Center at the Governors Office where the Nedeucerk Operating Centre(NOC) is Located This Units is in charge of the cyberspaceing and offs sure that all Ministries Departments Agencies are affiliated to the vane at all times, in delay of Ne bothrk br for each one the units does trouble barb to rectify the problems as fast as possible. . 1NETWORK state AND ADMINISTRATION. (SUMMARY ON THE CROSS RIVER STATE NETWORK) Cross River State Ne dickensrk exercisings a compass to organize the entanglement purlieu. Domains are groups of PCs on the comparable interlock and are a method to isolate communications among the members in the kingdom and the former(a) info traffic. Any ane in a domain cease communicate with each other and out bound, however PCs not specify in the domain pilenot communicate with those in the domain.Basically the earnings starts from when the artificial satellite in space s peculiaritys radio subscribes mass to the satellite dish hearr (ku-band, ka-band, c-band e. t. c). This satellite dish obtainr is committed to the offstage port of the mesh modem and then the public port of the modem is conjoined to the ISA server which acts as the gate appearance to meshing access. The ISA server is link uped to a domain controller which controls the domain environment by granting any ane who has a registered account on the domain access to the internet recourse.I. e. any whizz who does not bedevil an account or valid log on credentials deposenot use the internet. Domain controller muckle also be utilise to control the net income environment by restricting the even up field to chance setting on the workstation so that notwithstanding administrative rights tidy sum transmute settings. The ISA server is also attached to an antivirus server which monitors the automatic updates and sire incu pileing of update for all workstation in the domain with a specific antivirus apply for the mesh shewed on them.The ISA server is also machine-accessible to a 24 port vanquish which is committed to the diametrical bewilder ca put inet in each directorate of office expressions (since it is a 24 port tilt it take a maximum of 23 directorates, another bemuse mint be connected to the first switch in case of much(prenominal) buildings). Ever building has a cabinet where local area web (local area intercommunicate) nexuss are distri excepted to different offices. The cabinet comprises of switches and set up ornaments. The shucks panel is a gismo that is employ as a repeater so that si gnals dont get exit over a long dividing line.One of the cables that comes from the main 24 port switch goes to the spell panel then a RJ-45 cable is connected from the patch panel to the switch (mostly a 24-port switch) in the cabinet (in case of two switches we constitute a bun in the oven two patch panels. ). The patch panel then distributes the linkup in the office or to other offices in the building as LAN port where workstations can be connected to by the use of RJ-45 cable (workstations can also be connected directly to the switch). As for radio receiver connection, a equipless router or access point is put at every passage way in each building.The wireless access point is either connected to unmatched of the switches in the cabinet or the main 24-port switch. 2. 2 ISA SERVER/PROXY SERVER/ introduction The ISA server also acts as a procurator server/gateway. A procurator server is a server that acts as an in b effectuateediary in the midst of a workstation user an d the Internet so that the enterprise can ensure security, administrative control, and caching service. A proxy server is associated with or part of a gateway server that breaks the enterprise mesh topology from the outside mesh and a firewall server that protects the enterprise network from outside intrusion.An advantage of a proxy server is that its cache can serve all users. If one or to a greater extent Internet sites are frequently requested, these are a wantly to be in the proxys cache, which will improve user response time. A proxy can also do logging. A user on a workstation which is connected to the domain can erect view the internet if the destination and port issue of the ISA server is set in the proxy comprehend and port settings. 2. 3 HOW TO SET THE PROXY SETTINGS gradation 1 riff tools then lose it internet options on the browser. in all tone 2 blab on the connection tab and then click LAN settings. standard 3 typeface in the ISA server ip- reproofin g to (e. g. 192. 168. 2. 1) in the address lash and also insert the port snatch (e. g. 3128). 2. 4 HOW TO JOIN A WORKSTATION TO A DOMAIN STEP 1 right-click on my- reckoner then clicks properties. STEP 2 click on system properties. STEP 3 riffle on estimator name tab, click modify. STEP 4 Type in the reckoner name (e. g. pro 10), then click the domain radio dismissal and type in the domain name (e. g. dpetri. net), then click ok.STEP 5 later clicking OK you would prompt with a username and rallying cry negotiation case where single those with administrative credentials would be able to logon. Type in the user name and password, and then click OK. STEP 5 After clicking OK, you would be prompted with a dialog box consent you to the domain. Then restart the system. 2. 5 ANTIVIRUS SERVER The antivirus server is a separate system that is connected to the ISA server. It is use to protect the network from harmful treats analogous spyware (i. e. worm, virus, adware e. t. c. ). The antivirus server repairs use of windows server 2003 operating system, with a network antivirus (e. g. e-trust) installed on it. For any workstation on the network to be protected by the network antivirus server a copy of the network antivirus must be installed on them. To make the antivirus copy work with the antivirus server the proxy settings must be set employ the antivirus server Ip-address (e. g. 192. 168. 2. 4) as the address in the proxy settings. 2. 6 MAIN SWITCH The main switch is a switch that is employ to distribute the network connection to different buildings.A switch is a device that is used to link systems or workstations in concert. A switch is primarily used in a star analysis situs. Properties of a switch impact this is the jamming of signal in a infection modal(a). Collision domain this is the environment in which collision occurs. Broadcast this is the direct of signal from a system to the rest of the system connected to the switch. A broadcast is o rdinarily send a transitbreed all the collision domains as one realistic domain. Broadcast domain this is the environment in which a broadcast is sent across. Multicast this is the sending of signal from one system to a selected group of systems connected to the switch. Unicast this is a signal that is sent from one system to another. 2. 7PATCH PANEL A patch panel is a panel of network ports contained together, comm solo deep down a telecommunications closet that connects incoming and outgoing lines of a LAN or other communication, electronic or galvanizing system. In a LAN, the patch panel connects the networks estimators to each other and to the outside lines that enable the LAN to connect to the Internet or another WAN.Connections are made with patch cords. The patch panel allows circuits to be ar arrayd and rearranged by plugging and unplugging the patch cords. The use of a patch panel is necessary because is help to repeat signals change of locationled over a cable from a long surpass to proceed info loss. A patch panel is connected to a switch respectively according to the number on each port of both the switch and patch panel. 2. 8 ROUTER/VPN A router is a device or a computer that is used to connect two or more(prenominal) networks together. Routers are physical devices that join quadruple equip or wireless networks together.Technically, a wired or wireless router is a Layer 3 gateway, implication that the wired/wireless router connects networks (as gateways do), and that the router operates at the network layer of the OSI model. A router can also be called a computer because it has a LAN-port, an operating system (OS) and store. A router has an operating system and a user interface (depending on the brand of the router). The user interface can be viewed by connecting the router via LAN-cable to a computer. 2. 8 STEPS TO VIEW THE USER INTERFACE OF A ROUTER fill out the default IP-address of the router (usually 192. 168. 0. 1). Connect the router to a computer. Open a browser. Click on the institutionalise tab. Click on open then a dialog box appears. Type in the IP-address of the router in the text box and click OK, then a logon dialog box appears. The default username and password are both admin and admin. Type in the username and password then click OK. In the user interface you can change the Ip-address to suit your company setting, change the security protocol (i. e. either WAP, WAP2, WEB e. t. c), router name e. t. VPN A VPN (virtual private network) is a device that uses a series of encryption and algorithms to secure the information transmitted over the public internet. It allows users to work on their company network from their home with a higher level of confidence that no one else can access their work i. e. it provides a level of encryption so that an outsider would not be able to hack in to the network. VPN eliminates standoffishness in the midst of two computers and establish a secured connect ion with two computers. A VPN can also act as a router in the sense that it can be used for connecting two or more networks together.CHAPTER looseninal 3. 1HARDWARE AND MAINTAINNACE During the course of training I was also fortunate to receive lectures and training on comptia A+ that is fleshyware and maintenance which covered Knowledge on system maintenance as a whole approaches on how to pr hithertot system damage. A computer system underlyingally contains the following atoms/devices corpse case, Mother control board, Processor, Memory, Graphics observation, Sound card, Modem, NIC Card, arduous plow compact disc read-only memory/DVD-ROM Monitor. system CASE A system case is required to hold all your components together. It houses all the natural component of a system.The system cases come in two form factors which are AT and ATX. Nearly all the cases made nowaold age are ATX as the motherboard manufacturers make majority of their motherboard in the ATX form. MOTHERBOAR D A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer that holds numerous of the crucial components of the system, speckle providing associations for other peripherals. The motherboard is whatevertimes alternatively cognize as the main board, system board. PROCESSOR The central processor (CPU, for Central Processing Unit) is the computers consciousness.It allows the touch on of numeric data, knowledge entered in binary form, and the execution of drillion manual stored in memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for interpreting and executing most of the governs from the computers to a great extentware and software system. It is often called the brains of the computer. MEMORY A memory is the name given to a silicon chips that stores volatile computer data. The word Volatile gist that the contents of memory will be lost if the indicator of the computer switched off. Memory stores some of your operating system and application data w hile it is being mellow out.The more memory you defy in your computer the higher the amount of application you can run simultaneously, and will provide an boilersuit better system performance. Memory comes in different forms. The sometime(a) system uses SD ride, while shape 3. 1 A true system board The current system uses DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic haphazard Access Memory). number 3. 2 3. 2. dodge BOARD COMPONENTS Now that you understand the raw material types of motherboards and their form factors, its time to look at the components show on the motherboard and their locations relative to each other get a line 3. illustrates umpteen of the following components found on a typical motherboard * Chipsets * elaboration schedules * Memory slots and remote cache * CPU and processor slots or sockets * provide connectors * Onboard disk bear on connectors * Keyboard connectors * Peripheral port and connectors * BIOS chip * CMOS battery * Jumpers and DIP s witches * Firmware CHIPSETS A chipset is usually designed to work with a specific family of microprocessors. Because it controls communications mingled with the processor and external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in find out system performance.The manufacturer of a chipset often is independent from the manufacturer of the motherboard. occurrent manufacturers of chipsets for PC-compatible motherboards admit NVIDIA, AMD, VIA Technologies, Intel and Broadcom. There can only be two (2) chipsets in a computer namely North twain and Southbridge. NORTHBRIDGE The Northbridge links the CPU to very high-speed devices, especially main memory and graphics controllers . The communications between the CPU and memory occur over what is known as the front side bus (FSB), which is just a set of signal pathways between the CPU and main memory.The Northbridge chipsets also manage the communications between the Southbridge Chipset and the rest of the computer SOUTHBRIDGE Southbridge c onnects to lower-speed peripheral buses ( much(prenominal) as PCI or ISA). In umteen raw chipsets, the Southbridge unfeignedly contains some on-chip integrated peripherals, such as Ethernet, USB, and sound recording devices. A typical motherboard chipset for Pentium architecture. EXPANSION SLOTS The most visible parts of any motherboard are the expansion slots. These look like small malleable slots, usually from 3 to 11 adjoines long and approximately 1? 2 advance wide.As their name suggests, these slots are used to install various devices in the computer to expand its capabilities. Some expansion devices that might be installed in these slots include video, network, sound, and disk interface cards. If you look at the motherboard in your computer, you will more than likely descry one of the Main types of expansion slots used in computers today * ISA * PCI * AGP * PCIe Each type differs in appearance and function. In this section, we will cover how to visually identify the d ifferent expansion slots on the motherboard. ISA Expansion SlotsISA bus first appeared in PC based on 80286 CPU. The stem was to put a standard in interfacing with peripheral devices. In our days this bus is kept for compatibility with legacy peripheral devices such as BIOS ROM, replicate and Serial Ports, Sound and Modem devices. These devices have historical fixed address range (no strumpet and Play option) and arent hurt by low speed of ISA bus (8/16 bit data bus with 8 MHz quantify speed). Most modern PCs dont even have extra ISA slots since most peripheral components croakd to PCI and USB. ISA bus requires 4 bus musical rhythms for each data transfer. public figure 3. EXPANSION CARD AND SLOT PCI Expansion Slots PCI bus was developed by Intel for high performance peripheral devices, such as graphic accelerators, disk controllers, data acquisition boards. PCI was supposed to overcome limitations of existing ISA bus. 16 bit ISA bus with clock speed of 10 MHz with theoretica l bus throughput 2M transfers/sec but practically not more than 500k. PCI bus is lots faster in burst mode PCI can transfer 32 or 64 bit data with 33 MHz or 64 MHz clock, that yields transfer rates from 132 MB/sec to 538 MB/sec, PCI supports huge address range 32/64 bit address bus instead of 16 bit ISA.It is a burst orientated bus designed for large transfers hidden bus arbitration among multiple musters is provided on each bus. In theory up to 32 crystal clear devices can reside on PCI bus. But practically, a PCI bus is more likely to have maximum 10 devices because of its low- business leadered, reflected wave-switching. If more devices is desired PCI to PCI bridge is used. PCI devices are automatically configured in software (Plug and Play option). This eliminates precedent problems with ISA configuration utilize fixed addresses or user configured switches and jumpers.In juvenile years some peripheral devices have gotten faster and PCI became too slacken for CD and with c hild(p) disks. Then fresh interfaces appeared IDE, SCSI. shape 3. 4 PCI expansion slot AGP EXPANSION SLOTS AGP port When 3D graphics applications became common, graphic devices were mollify found on the PCI bus. AGP port provides high speed access to the memory and allows sacramental manduction it with local video memory. AGP is not a bus (no disputation between devices sitting on the same bus), but port with a consecrate connection between North bridge and graphic accelerator.Speed is 264 MB/s 1 GB/s flesh 3. 4 An AGP slot PCI EXPANSION SLOTS The stark nakedest expansion slot architecture that is being used by motherboards is PCI Express (PCI). It was designed to be a replacement for AGP and PCI. It has the capability of being faster than AGP while maintaining the flexibility of PCI. And motherboards with PCI will have regular PCI slots for loath compatibility with PCI. The diagram under illustrates Pentium IV system. You can see that ISA bus is gone(a) and a new interfa ce introduced PCI Express. LPC is a subset of PCI (low pin count).PCI Express provides good features such as better bureau management, performance and bandwidth increases, enables support for float media, TV tuners, cameras, graphics. POWER CONNECTORS In addition to these sockets and slots on the motherboard, a special connector (shown in allows the motherboard to be connected to the power release to receive power. This connector is where the ATX power connector plugs in. name 3. 5 An ATX power connector Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Processor Socket or Slot The brain of any computer is the central processing unit (CPU).This component does all the calculations and performs 90 percent of all the functions of a computer. There are many different types of processors for computersso many, typically, in todays computers, the processor is the easiest component to identify on the motherboard. It is usually the component that has either a winnow or a mania swallow (usually both) attached to it. These devices are used to draw away the change a processor generates. This is through because heat is the enemy of microelectronics. Theoretically, a Pentium (or higher) processor generates decorous heat that without the heat pass along it would self-destruct in a matter of hours.Sockets and slots on the motherboard are as plentiful and varied as processors. Sockets are basically flat and have several rows of holes arranged in a shape, as shown in Figure 1. 10. The processor slot is another method of connecting a processor to a motherboard, but one into which an Intel Pentium II or Pentium IIIclass processor on a special expansion card can be inserted. Fig 3. 6 Processors with a fan and heat cash in ones chipss Fig 3. 7An role model of a CPU socket Modern processors can feature the following everywhere CLOCKING all over clocking your CPU offers increased performance, on a processor designed to operate at the over clocked speed.However, unlike with the proces sor designed to run that fast, you must make special arrangements to ensure that an over clocked CPU does not destroy itself from the increased heat levels. An advanced cooling system mechanism, such as liquid cooling, might be necessary to void losing the processor and other components. 3. 3 COMPUTER MEMORY Computer RAM is the best known form of memory your computer uses. Every archive or application opened is placed in RAM. Any information the computer necessarily or uses becomes part of a continuous cycle where the CPU requests data from RAM, processes it and then writes new data top to RAM.This can happen millions of times a second. However, this is usually just for temporary file retentivity, so unless the data is saved somewhere, it is deleted when the files or applications are closed 3. 4 HARD phonograph recording DRIVE A enceinte disk deal (HDD), ordinarily referred to as a strong drive or intemperately disk, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digital ly encoded data on chop-chop rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, drive refers to a device distinct from its sensitive, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a lax disk drive and its floppy disk.Early HDDs had removable media however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit with fixed media. Figure 3. 8 showing a Hard disk and its components. A hard disk drive stores information on one or more rigid, flat, disks. The disks are mounted on a spindle, with spacers in between, and a motor on the bottom end of the spindle. To read and write to the surface of the disks, the drive uses a small electro-magnet assembly, referred to as a genius, located on the end of an actuator arm. There is one head for each platter surface on the spindle. The disks are spun at a very high speed to allow the head to move speedily over the surface of the disk.Towards the other end of the actuator arm is a pivot man point, and at the end is a voice coil, which moves the head. Abo ve and below each voice coil is a rare earth magnet. This allows the head to move towards the center of the disk or towards the outside, in a radial pattern. Fig 3. 9 Describing sexual the HDD 3. 5 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OF THE HARD DISK DRIVE The safety measures are used to improve the performance of the hard disk. The primary tools or utilities available are Scandisk This utility can be used to scan surface for media errors, scan files and congregatingers for data problem.Scan disk is run each time window is not correctly shot down. You should run scan disk at least weekly to find and pickle small error on disk before they become major problem. Disk Defragmentation This utility is use to rearrange your disk files, combined and organize unused disk space so that application run faster. As we modify or delete file on hard disk, file become fragmented. The defragmenter eliminates fragmentation so that data in the file are readily available to program asking for it. Disk Cleanu p/delete Unused File This utility assume unnecessary file from your hard disk.This tool scan the disk you designate to fine files that can be removed without affecting the operation of the PC and the Window operating system. rest period Backing up hard disk data to another storage media that can be stored outside the PC is also a preventive maintenance. This usually prevent hard disk against trouble, PC problem computer hardware can be replaced but most often data cannot be recovered, so do a backup copy of your file is a safety precaution that ensure that your data can be last on the device on which it is stored.Empty Recycle Bin The recycle bin should always be emptied at least monthly in set to remove all deleted data, file, programs that are no longer needed. 3. 6 floppy DISK DRIVES Floppy disks, also known as floppies or diskettes (where the affix -ette means little one) were ubiquitous in the 1980s and 1990s, being used on home and personal computer (PC) platforms such as the Apple II, Macintosh, Commodore 64, Atari ST, Amiga, and IBM PC to distribute software, transfer data between computers, and create small backups.Before the popularization of the hard drive for PCs, floppy disks were typically used to store a computers operating system (OS), application software, and other data. some(prenominal) home computers had their primary OS kernels stored permanently in on-board ROM chips, but stored the disk operating system on a floppy, whether it be a proprietary system, CP/M, or, later, DOS. Since the floppy drive was the primary means of storing programs, it was typically designated as the A drive. The second floppy drive was the B drive.And those with the luxury of a hard drive were designated the C drive, a convention that remains with us today long after the decline of the floppy disks utility. Fig 3. 10 CD-ROM DRIVES Figure3. 10 showing Old 4x CD-ROM DRIVE CD-ROM discs are read using CD-ROM drives, which are now close to universal on persona l computers. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an IDE (ATA), SCSI, SATA, Fire wire, or USB interface or a proprietary interface, such as the Panasonic CD interface. realisticly all modern CD-ROM drives can also play audio CDs as well as Video CDs and other data standards when used in fellowship with the right software. 3. 7 INSTALLING THE HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM Things to get in place before starting Set of screwdrivers and pliers, snatch of cloth, CPU Thermal intricate (recommended), PC components. exonerate sure you have all the components in place and a nice, uninfected and big enough place to work with. Fig 3. 11 All PC components accept the case point CPU Thermal compound is not a necessity but it is recommended to keep your CPU cool under load conditions by helping heat dissipate faster.It is a must if you suppose to over clock your PC. put the motherboard Fig 3. 12. Open the side doors of the cabinet Lay the cabinet on its side Put the motherboard in place Drive in all the required screws Most motherboards come with an antistatic dish aerial. It is well(predicate) to put the motherboard on it for some time and then remove it from the antistatic bag before placing it in the cabinet. Fig 3. 13 Step 1 install the CPU CPU is the heart of a computer so make sure you handle it properly and do not drop it or mishandle it. Steps 1 * Lift the CPU lever on the motherboard Place the CPU properly on the motherboard * Pull down the lever to secure the CPU in place Warning Do not try to push the CPU into the motherboard Step 2 Got the thermal compound? Now is the time to use it. Take small amount of it and on the alertly apply it on the top surface of the processor. Be careful not to put it on the neighboring parts of the motherboard. If you do so unmortgaged it immediately using the cloth. breath Thermal compounds should be changed once every six months for optimal performance. Step 3 pose the heat adjudicate Fig 3. 15 After installing the processor we proceed to installing the heat sink.There are different kinds of heat sinks that are bundled with the processor and each has a different way of installation. Look into your CPU manual for instructions on how to install it properly. Place the heat sink on the processor Put the horseshits in place Secure the heat sink with the lever After this you will need to connect the cable of the heat sink on the motherboard. Again look into the motherboard manual on where to connect it and then connect it to the right port to get your heat sink in operational mode. Installing the RAM Fig 3. 16 Installing the RAM is also an unclouded pedigree.The newer RAMs that is DDR RAMs are easy to install as you dont have to wish about placing which side where into the slot. The older ones, SDRAMs are plagued by this problem. rouse down the RAM into the slot Make sure the both the clips hold the RAM properly Installing the power supply Fig 3. 17 Installing the po wer supply as the components we install after this will require power cables to be connected to them. There is not much to be done to install a PSU. Place the PSU into the cabinet Put the screws in place tightly Tip Some PSU have extra accessories that come bundled with it. Consult your PSU manual to see how to install them.Step 6 Installing the video card Fig 3. 18 First you will need to find out whether your video card is AGP or PCI-E. AGP graphics cards have become redundant and are being phased out of the market quickly. So if you bought a spanking new card it will certainly be a PCI-E. * Remove the back plate on the cabinet according to the graphics card * Push the card into the slot * Secure the card with a screw * Plug in the power connection from PSU (if required) High-end graphics cards need dedicated power supply and if your graphics card needs one then connect the appropriate wire from PSU into the graphics card.Step 7 Installing the hard disk Fig 3. 19 Hard disk is anot her weak component of the computer and needs to be handled carefully. Place the hard drive into the bay Secure the drive with screws If the jumpers or switches are set for the only hard drive or master role, move on. If the jumpers or switches are not configured correctly, move them to the correct position with your needle-nose pliers or your tweezers. Connect the power cable from PSU Connect the data cable from motherboard into the drive If your hard drive is a SATA one then connect one end of SATA cable into the motherboard and other into the SATA port on the hard disk.If your hard disk is PATA type then use the IDE cable instead of the SATA cable. Tip If your PSU does not support SATA power supply then you will need to get a converter which will convert your standard IDE power connector to a SATA power connector. Fig 3. 20 Testing the Hard disk installation Verify that a monitor, keyboard, and mouse are connected to the PC. Make sure the power cord is connected and that the comp uter is receiving power. Power up the unit and watch the boot. Step 9 Connecting various cables Fig 3. 21 First we will finish setting up internal components and then get on to the external ones.You will need to enquire your motherboard manual for finding the appropriate port for connecting various cables at the right places on the motherboard. Connect the large ATX power connector to the power supply port on your motherboard. Next get hold of the smaller square power connector which supplies power to the processor and connect it to the appropriate port by taking help from your motherboard manual. Connect the cabinet cables for power, reset button in the appropriate port of the motherboard. Connect the front USB/audio panel cable in the motherboard Plug the cable of cabinet fansYou are done with installing the internal components of the PC. Close the side doors of the cabinet and get it unsloped and place it on your computer table. Get the rest of the PC components like monitor, k eyboard, mouse, speakers etc. which we will connect now. Connect the VGA cable of the monitor into the VGA port If mouse/keyboard is PS/2 then connect them to PS/2 ports or else use the USB port Connect the speaker cable in the audio port Fig 3. 22 Plug in the power cable from PSU into the UPS Also plug in the power cable of the monitor You are now done with setting up your PC.Power on and see your PC boot to glory. Step 10 Installing Operating transcription Here are some useful measuring sticks enter your BIOS settings instruct the computer to boot from the CD ROM, insert a bootable disk fold your arms and watch your PC boot to Glory. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 1 NETWORKING AND NETWORK CABLES Knowledge gained on Net working(a) Network is a group of connected computers. This can be as small and simple as two (2) computers connected together or as large and complicated as a multisite network that supports thousands of computers and printers and other device.Networking allows for increased co mmunication (video conferencing, real-time chats, e-mailing etc), hardware and software resources sharing (printers, drives, data, files application etc) and Data back up and retrieval. Network models can be any of peer-to-peer or client/server model. Types of network include LAN (Local Area Network), WAN (Wide area network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), Virtual LAN, Virtual Private Network, (VPN). 4. 2 NETWORK DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS Components used to develop a network can be classified broadly into 2 that is Hardware and software The Hardware components include * Computers Modems * Interfaces * Peripherals * Networking cards * Cabling UTP, STP, Fiber Optics, coaxial * Interconnecting devices, e. g. repeaters routers, hubs, NIC, switches, bridges The software includes operating system (such as MS Dos, UNIX, protocols and other software tools supporting the data communication across the network. The number of components (software and hardware) depends on a number of factors li ke, type of Network to be used, number of workstation, hosts, PC terminals other peripheral devices to be connected to the Network, data volume, speed of transmission, application program and services required. . 3 MAIN TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES In networking, the term topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network. This article introduces the standard topologies of computer networking. One can think of a topology as a networks virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find an actual ring topology there. Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types * Star Topology Ring Topology * Bus Topology * point Topology * Mesh Topology * Hybrid Topology More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies. S tar Topology Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a hub that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet. Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computers network access and not the finished LAN. If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails. ) keep in line the illustration of Star Network Topology. Fig 4. 1 Advantages of a Star Topology * Easy to install and wire. * No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices. * Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. Disadvantages of A Star Topology * Requires more cable duration than a linear topology. * If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. * More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators. The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or Local Talk. token Ring uses a similar topology, called the star-wired ring. Star-Wired Ring A star-wired ring topology may appear (externally) to be the same as a star topology. Internally, the MAU of a star-wired ring contains wire that allows information to pass from one device to another in a circle or ring. The Token Ring protocol uses a star-wired ring topology. Ring Topology In a ring network, every device has on the button two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either clockwise or counterclockwise).A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network. To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses. See the illustration of Ring Topology. Fig 4. 2 Bus Topology Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a commo n spur to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a overlap communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector.A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message. Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and dont require much cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 (Thin Net) and 10Base-5 (Thick Net) both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies. However, bus networks work best with a limited number of devices. If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance problems will likely result.In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable. See the illustration of Bus Network Topology. Fig 4. 3 Advantages of a elongated Bus Topology * Easy to connect a compute r or peripheral to a linear bus. * Requires less cable length than a star topology. Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology * Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. * Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. * Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. * Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building. corner Topology Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the etymon of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports in store(predicate) expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone. See the illustration of Tree Network Topology. Fig 4. 4 Advantages of a Tree Topology Point-to-point wiring for individual segment s.Supported by several hardware and software vendors. Disadvantages of a Tree Topology boilersuit length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used. If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down. More catchy to configure and wire than other topologies. Mesh Topology Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. unlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction. Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing. A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in the illustration below, fond(p) mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only indirectly to others. See the illustration of Mesh Network Topology. Fig 4. 5 Hybrid Topology A combination of any two or more network topologies. Note 1 Instances ca n occur where two basic network topologies, when connected together, can palliate retain the basic network character, and therefore not be a hybrid network.For example, a tree network connected to a tree network is still a tree network. Therefore, a hybrid network accrues only when two basic networks are connected and the resulting network topology fails to meet one of the basic topology definitions. For example, two star networks connected together introduce hybrid network topologies. Note 2 A hybrid topology always accrues when two different basic network topologies are connected. 4. 4 Network Adapters There are many different names for network adapters, including network cards, Network Interface Cards, NICs. These are all generic equipment casualty for the same piece of hardware.A network cards job is to physically attach a computer to a network, so that the computer can participate in network communications. The first thing that you need to know about network cards is that th e network card has to match the network medium. The network medium refers to the type of cabling that is being used on the network. tuner networks are a science all their own, and I will talk about them in a separate article. At one time making sure that a network card matched the network medium was a really big deal, because there were a large number of competing standards in existence.For example, before you built a network and started buying network cards and cabling, you had to decide if you were going to use Ethernet, coaxal Ethernet, Token Ring, Arcnet, or one of the other networking standards of the time. Each networking technology had its strengths and weaknesses, and it was important to figure out which one was the most appropriate for your organization. Today, most of the networking technologies that I mentioned above are quickly becoming extinct. Pretty much the only type of wired network used by small and medium sized businesses is Ethernet. This is what an Ethernet car d looks likeFig 4. 6 4. 5 UTP CABLE TYPES UTP cabling, terminated with RJ-45 connectors, is a common copper-based medium for interconnecting network devices, such as computers, with intermediate devices, such as routers and network switches. Different situations may require UTP cables to be wired according to different wiring conventions. This means that the individual wires in the cable have to be connected in different orders to different sets of pins in the RJ-45 connectors. The following are main cable types that are obtained by using specific wiring conventions * Ethernet Straight-through Ethernet crossway * Rollover Using a crossover or straight-through cable incorrectly between devices may not damage the devices, but connectivity and communication between the devices will not take place. This is a common error in the lab and checking that the device connections are correct should be the first troubleshooting action if connectivity is not achieved. Unshielded kinky-pair (UT P) cabling, as it is used in Ethernet LANs, consists of four pairs of color-coded wires that have been reprobate together and then encased in a limber plastic sheath.The twisting has the effect of canceling unwanted signals. When two wires in an electrical circuit are placed close together, external electromagnetic fields create the same interference in each wire. The pairs are twisted to keep the wires in as close proximity as is physically possible. When this common interference is present on the wires in a twisted pair, the receiver processes it in equal yet opposite ways. As a result, the signals caused by electromagnetic interference from external sources are effectively cancelled. 4. 6UTP CABLING STANDARDSThe UTP cabling commonly found in workplaces, schools, and homes conforms to the standards established jointly by the Telecommunications Industry companionship (TIA) and the Electronics Industries Alliance (EIA). TIA/EIA-568A stipulates the commercial cabling standards fo r LAN installations and is the standard most commonly used in LAN cabling environments. Some of the elements defined are * stemma types * Cable lengths * Connectors * Cable termination * Methods of testing cable There lead (3) types of unshielded twisted pair Ethernet cables and they are Ethernet Straight- throughEthernet Crossover Rollover The figure below shows the color combinations for producing these cables Fig 4. 7 CABLE TYPE STANDARD APPLICATION Ethernet straight- through both(prenominal) end T568A or both end T568B Connecting a network host to a network device such as a switch or hub. Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modems LAN portConnect a routers WAN port to a cable/DSL modems LAN port. Connect a routers LAN port to a switch/hubs uplink port. ( conveningly used for expanding network)Connect two (2) switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an uplink port and the other one using normal port. Ethernet crossover One end T568A, And the other end T568B. Connecting two network hosts. Connecting network mediator devices such as (switch- to- router) or (router-to-router)Connect 2 switches/hubs by using normal port in both switches/hubs. Rollover Cisco proprietary Connect a workstation serial port to a router console port, using an adapter. Making Ethernet UTP cables WHAT YOU adopt Fig 4. 8 Cable- Be sure the cable(s) you are using is properly rated for CAT 5. It should state clearly on the cap of the cable, what it is rated at.One option that you have when selecting your cable is to use a pre-made normal straight through cable, and simply smash off one of the ends, and replace with a new Crossed Over end. For the purpose of this report, though, we arent going to go that route. We are going to make the whole thing from scratch using bulk CAT 5 cable. Connectors Crossover cables are terminated with CAT 5 RJ-45 (RJ stands for Registered Jack) modular plugs. RJ-45 plugs are similar to those youll see on the end of your telephone cable bar they have eight versus four contacts on the end of the plug.Also, make sure the ends you select are rated for CAT 5 wiring. There are also different types of jacks which are used for different types of cabling (such as square(a) Core wire). Make sure you buy the correct jacks for your cabling. crimper You will need a modular crimping tool. Fig 4. 9 peeler There are several specialized tools, which can be used to strip the jackets off of cabling. If you do not have access to one of these tools, cautious use of a razor blade or lingua should work just fine but keep in reason if you go the razor blade / knife route, extra special care must be used as to not damage the wires inner(a) the jacket.Cutters You need a pair of cutters that will allow you to cut a group of cables in a straight line. It is very important that all the wires are the same lengths, and without proper cutters, this can be a difficult task. Fig 4. 10 LAN Tester You need the LAN inspector to test the cable aft er crimping to ensure the functionality of the cable. Connect the cable to the tester and see if all lights turn green. If all lights turn green, your cable is working properly. If they do not, cut the RJ-45 connector off and re-terminate the ends of the cable with a new one.Fig 4. 11 1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable. Be very careful at this point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which are inside. Doing so could alter the characteristics of your cable, or even worse render it useless. consider the wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If there are any, just whack the whole end off, and start over. Fig 4. 12 2)Spread the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with your other hand. You do not want the wires to become untwisted down inside the jacket.Category 5 cable must only have 1/2 of an inch of untwisted wire at the end otherwise it will be out of specification Fig4. 13 Up to this point, things h ave been pretty easy. Things will get a little bit tricky here, but dont worry well get through this together. We are at a point in this report where a decision needs to be made. You need to decide which end of the cable you are making at this point in time. If you are making your cable from scratch like I am doing while typography this report, you have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable.If you are using a pre-made cable, with one of the ends whacked off, you only have one end to install the crossed over end. Below are two diagrams, which show how you need to arrange the cables for each type of cable end. set at this point which end you are making and examine the associated demonstrate below. Fig4. 14 let to untwist the twisted exposed wires on your cable. economic consumption caution so that you do not untwist them down inside the jacket. Once you have all the wires untwisted begin to arrange them in the proper order based on the motion-picture shows above.Th is stage can be a frustrating one, especially some of the middle wires. Once you get all the wired arranged in the proper order, make sure your wire cutters are within reach then grasp them right at the point where they enter the jacket. Make sure you keep them in the proper order Grab your cutters now. Line them up along your prepared wires about 1/2 inches above the jacket. Be sure at this point that you are both 1/2 inches above the jacket, and that your cutters are aligned straight across the wires. You want to make a clean cut here also make sure you dont let go of that jacket / wiresFig4. 15 5. Grab those crimpers because not all crimpers are exactly the same your pictures may not match exactly what you see below. Be sure to keep a good grip on that jack and the cable. Insert the jack into the crimper. It should only go in one way, so you dont have a whole lot to worry about inserting it. Begin to compress those crimpers. You will more than likely hear a clicking sound. sto rage area squeezing. If you try to let go too early, nothing will happen. They will not release. Keep going until they stop clicking / stop moving all together.At this point, you should be able to let go of the jack, and the crimpers. The crimpers should release now departure you with a crimped jack. If the crimpers do not release, you probably didnt press hard enough. Fig4. 16 6)Its time to examine what we have done. If you look at the end of the jack you should see that the copper connectors should not be pressed down into the wires. Toward the back of the jack (where the jacket meets the jack) it should be crimped securely holding the jacket / cable in the jack. If something has gone wrong, dont worry, its not the end of the world.Grab those cutters, and just whack the whole jack off and start back at step 1 (a frustrating one I know, but its better to have a cable that works, than to spend hours trouble shooting your PC trying to figure out why you cant see the other machine). If everything is cool, all you have to do now is make the other end of the cable so go back to step one, and make the other end as I have explained in this report. Fig 4. 17 Good Fig4. 18 WRONG WAY Note how the blue plastic shielding is not inside the connector where it can be locked into place. Fig4. 9 WRONG WAY Note how the cables do not go all the way to the end of the connector. 4. 7 CONNECTING TWO COMPUTERS USING CROSSOVER CABLES Fig 4. 20 Plug in network card each to computer and then install network card driver for each computer. Connect the cable to both computers network card. Here comes the network configuration, lets create a simple network by assigning following network info to each computers network card Computer A IP Address 10. 1. 1. 1 Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0 doorway DNS Servers Computer B IP Address 10. 1. 1. 2 Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0 Gateway DNS ServersSince these 2 computers are directly connected, no gateway and DNS servers are needed. After assigning IP address, try to ping the other computer from command prompt, you should be able to ping each other and then sharing printers or files as you wish. 4. 8 USING PING TO TROUBLESHOOT NETWORK bother Sometimes if your network connection is down, you can use ping to troubleshoot network problem and then fix it. Ping is a program used to check whether a host is up and active in network. Its very simple and usually used to troubleshoot network problem. Here is typical technique for pinging and it applies to wireless network as well. . First thing you need to do is to make sure there is light on network card with cable connected. Sometimes network down is due to disconnected network cable or loose cable connection. If you notice no light on your network card after connecting with network cable, make sure the network cable is working. If you see the light, then proceed to step 2. 2. Go to Start and click on Run. Type CMD, and hit cipher or click OK. Fig 4. 21 Type ping in the Command Window. strickle the space bar once. Type the IP or website address that you want to ping. For example, if you want to ping eBay, type www. ebay. om after the space. Hit Enter. If the website is up and actively responding, you receive replies back from the server that you pinged with the following information The IP address The number of Bytes sent The time it took in milliseconds The TTL is snip to Live (This indicated the number of hops back from the computer pinged from that computers initial TTL value. ) Fig4. 22 4. 9HUBS AND SWITCHES As you can see, computers use network cards to send and receive data. The data is transmitted over Ethernet cables. However, you normally cant just run an Ethernet cable between two PCs and call it a network.In this day and age of high speed Internet access being some universally available, you tend to hear the term broadband thrown approximately a lot. Broadband is a type of network in which data is sent and received across the same w ire. In contrast, Ethernet uses Baseband communications. Baseband uses separate wires for sending and receiving data. What this means is that if one PC is sending data across a particular wire within the Ethernet cable, then the PC that is receiving the data needs to have the wire redirected to its receiving port. You can actually network two PCs together in this way.You can create what is known as a cross over cable. A cross over cable is simply a network cable that has the sending and receiving wires reversed at one end, so that two PCs can be linked directly together. The problem with using a cross over cable to build a network is that the network will be limited to using no more and no less than two PCs. Rather than using a cross over cable, most networks use normal Ethernet cables that do not have the sending and receiving wires reversed at one end. Of course the sending and receiving wires have to be reversed at some point in order for ommunications to succeed. This is the job of a hub or a switch. Hubs are starting to become extinct, but I want to talk about them anyway because it will make it easier to explain switches later on. There are different types of hubs, but generally speaking a hub is nothing more than a box with a bunch of RJ-45 ports. Each computer on a network would be connected to a hub via an Ethernet cable. You can see a picture of a hub, shown in Figure C. Fig 4. 23 A hub is a device that acts as a central connection point for computers on a network A hub has two different jobs.Its first job is to provide a central point of connection for all of the computers on the network. Every computer plugs into the hub (multiple hubs can be daisy chained together if necessary in order to accommodate more computers). The hubs other job is to arrange the ports in such a way so that if a PC transmits data, the data is sent over the other computers receive wires. Right now you might be wondering how data gets to the correct destination if more than t wo PCs are connected to a hub. The secret lies in the network card. Each Ethernet card is programmed at the mill with a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address.When a computer on an Ethernet network transmits data across an Ethernet network containing PCs connected to a hub, the data is actually sent to every computer on the network. As each computer receives the data, it compares the destination address to its own MAC address. If the addresses match then the computer knows that it is the intended recipient, otherwise it ignores the data. As you can see, when computers are connected via a hub, every packet gets sent to every computer on the network. The problem is that any computer can send a transmission at any given time.Have you ever been on a convention call and accidentally started to talk at the same time as someone else? This is the same thing that happens on this type of network. When a PC needs to transmit data, it checks to make sure that no other computers are sending data at the moment. If the line is clear, it transmits the necessary data. If another computer tries to communicate at the same time though, then the packets of data that are traveling across the wire collide and are destroyed (this is why this type of network is sometimes referred to as a collision domain). Both PCs then have to wait for a random mount of time and attempt to retransmit the packet that was destroyed. As the number of PCs on a collision domain increases, so does the number of collisions. As the number of collisions increase, network efficiency is decreased. This is why switches have almost completely replaced hubs. A switch, such as the one shown in Figure D, performs all of the same basic tasks as a hub. The difference is that when a PC on the network needs to communicate with another PC, the switch uses a set of internal logic circuits to establish a dedicated, logical path between the two PCs.What this means is that the two PCs are free to communicate with each o ther, without having to worry about collisions. Fig4. 24 A switch looks a lot like a hub, but performs very differently Switches greatly improve a networks efficiency. Yes, they eliminate collisions, but there is more to it than that. Because of the way that switches work, they can establish parallel communications paths. For example, just because computer A is communicating with computer B, there is no reason why computer C cant simultaneously communicate with computer D.In a collision domain, these types of parallel communications would be impossible because they would result in collisions. 4. 10 PLANNING AND CABLING NETWORKS. When planning the installation of LAN cabling, there are four physical areas to consider Work area Telecommunications room, also known as the distribution facility Backbone cabling, also known as vertical cabling Distribution cabling, also known as horizontal cabling make out Cable Length For UTP installations, the ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B standard specifies that the total combined length of cable spanning the four areas listed above is limited to a maximum distance of 100 meters per