Western architecture before 1100 AD Research Paper

Western architecture before 1100 AD - Research Paper Example It is given that there are compelling reasons which inform my choice of the Bent Pyramid. One of the qualities that make the pyramid strikingly unique is the pyramid’s very structure. Unlike other pyramids, the structure of the Bent Pyramid is divided into portions. The lower part of the Bent Pyramid is raised from the surrounding desert or physical landscape at an inclination of 45 degrees. However, the upper part of the Bent Pyramid has a shallower angle. The shallower angle is 43 degrees and thereby lending the pyramid a palpably bent appearance. As if the immediately foregoing is not enough, it is strikingly important that the Bent Pyramid has two entrances. Both of the two entrances lead to chambers with high and corbelled ceilings. One of the entrances has a low down on its northern side. This side has a substantial wooden staircase which had been built for the sake of tourists. Specifically, the northern entrance give way to a chamber that is situated below ground level. Needless to say, presently, the Bent Pyramid is not accessible for tourists. Facing the west side of the pyramid is the second entrance which is located higher above the ground, than the first entrance. The second entrance (the western one) leads to a chamber which is in the body of the very pyramid. According to Broughton (1998, p. 469), the corbelled ceiling which is to the left is also to be visible from the first chamber. This corbelling is to be rougher, to ward off the danger of termites or rot. When one turns around by 180 degrees, he is able to take the first peek into the lower chamber. Again, the corbelled ceiling is to be covered with modern scaffolding. There is to be a ladder, nearly 50 foot long leading up to a connecting passageway which is between the passageways and chambers that are accessible from the western entrance, one the one hand, and the set of chambers, on the other. As if the positive and aesthetic attributes of the Bent Pyramids are not

Family on Government and vice versa Essay Example for Free

Family on Government and vice versa Essay As far as the government’s functions go, it is the unit of the family that is able to gain the most benefits. I view the family as the most basic and the most unprotected aspect of society. It is the government’s ability to provide regulations, guidelines, and protection that the family is able to continue its development. It might be raised at this point that the individual should be considered the most unprotected unit of society. However, I persist in believing that it is the family. The individual can still become a member of larger societal units. In fact, the individual can even go so far as to become a member of government. It is because of this fact that the collection of individuals called the family is the most in need of the services offered by the government that presides over it. However, there are forms of government wherein it is the family that comprises it. In oligarchies and monarchies, for example, the royal family comprises the governmental unit. It is in these cases that the interaction is reduced to one of family with family, of ruling class family with non-ruling class family, of bourgeois family with lower class family. This can also be likened to the type of interaction described to exist between the family and the society to which it belongs. In other ways, the family is also able to affect the government. Because the family forms the entirety of society and because it is able to mirror the mechanisms of society, it is also able to mirror and spread the mechanisms of government. The family is in charge of the education of the younger generation with regards to the powers of the government, the need to follow the impositions of the government, and also the specific laws and regulations set forth by the constitution. The task of propagating the ethics and morals of a good citizen that obeys the government lie on the shoulders of the members of the family. The concepts of restriction of behavior, meting punishments for unacceptable actions, and of obeying authority figures are also first understood by the child in the confines of the family. (Hegel, 2001) Society on Government and vice versa The government is said to be the regulating institution of society. It represents the majority of the population and provides frameworks as well as maintains peace and order. However, as I have stipulated, I believe that the inherent state in nature is peace and not war. Why then would a government be needed to maintain peace and order between its constituents and even with other governments? The state of war is not inherent in nature. However, it is also very much present in observable society. Why is this so? I believe that war stems from the inability of society to meet the needs of its members. This is in accordance with the propositions of Habermas (1998). Because of the society’s inability to completely meet the needs of its members, there is unrest and turmoil. War and violent conflict arise from these feelings of dissatisfaction. It is only through a strong power of the will that dissatisfaction is allowed to exist in an individual’s consciousness. I believe that the ineffective structuring of society creates feelings of unrest and dissatisfaction. When those with more are given more and those with less are asked for more, society is placed at an imbalance. This imbalance is unnatural. It is not the natural order of things. There is disequilibrium in society and as a result, there are individuals who are abused and unsatisfied. Again, this is also in accordance with the views of Marx and Engel (1978) regarding ruling class and non-ruling class. There is no chance for equilibrium or stability to be attained because as Marx and Engel (1978) stated, the ruling class practices hegemony. They use their ideologies to maintain power over the lower class. It is only with active revolt from the lower class that the structure of society can be changed. Thus war becomes an option to those whose dissatisfaction has become so great that they can no longer live with it. Without the government, these feelings of dissatisfaction would reign across the world. There would, indeed, be numerous states of war across the globe. Peace would be hard to find and individuals would find it impossible to achieve their true personal goals in life. A government is needed in order to regulate the interaction of the ruling class and the non-ruling class. Without the government, society would be in a constant flux of change and revolt. It is the institution of the government that allows society to remain its peace and as such to progress. However, it may well be the case that the government is simply a tool of the ruling class to maintain power, a means to their option of hegemony. This is exactly why even though there are governments in place today, wars still occur. There is still a disequilibrium in the social structure. Also, the government is not representative of the majority. This is a fact stressed by Kant (1983) to be of the utmost importance in considering government models and systems utilized in a given state. There is, therefore, a type of government that will best serve the purposes of society and the individual. Although there are numerous forms of government, not all are adaptive to society and its members. The mode of government is a point of greater consideration than the type of sovereignty afforded. (Kant, 1983) Society, however, plays a greater role in government. It is more than just a place wherein the functions of government can be practiced. In fact, it is my belief that society and government act in much the same way that the President and the House of Congress act in a Republic government. That is that society and government act as checks and balances of each other. Although it is true that there is no clear definition of legal power that society has on a particular government – in the way that government has on society – it is also true that the dominant form of politics in a state are defined by society. Because most governments rely on society’s good will towards it, society is able to check and balance the processes of the government. In modes of government involving votation, society dictates the candidates to be deemed more capable and reliable to place in position. This is done through the ideologies espoused by society. Thus two different political parties can be chosen from but the thrust of the resulting government will be based on the value systems established by society on its members. For modes of government, on the other, hand that do not include an electoral system, society is able to operate as a larger checks and balances system. Because monarchies and oligarchies and other similar forms of government give the ruler the right to decree laws and statutes by himself, society plays a crucial role. Social agreement or social rejection may be the only difference between a ruler’s decree of implementing the death penalty, for example, as a punishment to a severe crime. Thus we see that society plays a large role in defining government actions even in these individualistic or familial forms of governance. On this point, however, the revision and reconsideration of laws in systems with electoral systems and with more formal methods of passing laws is also highly dependent on society’s moral and ethical stand. The three-strike law for example, wherein criminals convicted of a crime three times receive a heavier sentence or a longer imprisonment period, was not revised because the constituents of the State of California did not agree to the provision that only severe crimes would be subject to this law.

Is Your Body Clear :: essays research papers

 ¡Ã‚ §Is Your Body Clear? ¡Ã‚ ¨   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We, as Americans, are immersed in a society of products for sale. With so many items available how do manufacturers entice us to purchase their product over another one? They do this through advertising, or a way of promoting and marketing merchandise. Advertising is a very large industry, and many people spend their entire lives developing advertisements that the average consumer will see, and hopefully will believe. An advertisement is an example of a rhetorical situation. In this rhetorical situation, the advertisers use the concepts of logos, pathos, and ethos to draw the audience in and get their message across to the individual reader. They want the consumers to trust and believe them. Most of all, they want them to buy whatever they have to sell. Companies must rely on advertising a great deal, especially when a new product becomes available. It is crucial that their audience learns of the product and realizes the benefits of the new invention. Companies that already have other products for sale have a better chance of obtaining the consumers interest, especially if the company has a good reputation. One such company is Neutrogena. They have numerous products for sale for the face, hair, and body. One of their newest products is called Body Clear„ § Body Wash. I found this particular ad in a magazine strategically placed toward the front between two different articles. This magazine, YM, is typically intended for young females between the ages of 13 to 19. The target audience for the body wash would therefore have to be intended for these teenage girls. Before we can examine the ethos, pathos, and logos of the ad, we must visualize it. The center of the page has a large picture of the body wash with bubbles dripping over the side and the word NEW printed in black letters across the top of the bottle. Standing next to the bottle of wash in just a towel is the famous Neutrogena girl, Jennifer Love Hewitt. At the top of the page in big, bold, red letters appear the words,  ¡Ã‚ §Clear skin from head to toe. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Underneath this slogan is the caption that introduces the new body wash,  ¡Ã‚ §Neutrogena„ ¥ Body Clear„ § Body Wash treats, even prevents body breakouts. ¡Ã‚ ¨ To the side of the oversized bottle of wash are three bullets, and although very small are still very important. They tell us that the body wash contains an acne fighting ingredient which  ¡Ã‚ §dermatologists recommend.

Difference of Marketing Product and Service Essay

A product is normally a thing that sold to people and mostly is tangible. Basically, the marketing of product is particularly focused on 4P’s in marketing mix namely product, price, place, and promotion (Ehmke & Fulton & Lusk, n. d. ). The marketer needs to analyze the major demand of customers in a specific market in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. Firstly, it is necessary for marketers to focus on the strength as well as eliminate the vulnerabilities of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customer’s demand as much as possible. Secondly, the price is an important factor in product marketing because of the price must be set to match with the purchasing power of a target group. The marketer should understand the nature price of selling products. For example, the perfume price might be high because it is considered as luxury good and the instant-noodle price might be low because of it is considered as convenience good. Thirdly, the place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Lastly, the marketer also needs to create the promotion on the product in order to persuade customers and motivate the sale in a short term. On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers and also has a different characteristics from the product (Milliman, 1997). Therefore, the service marketing is somewhat different from product marketing. The service marketing is generally used service marketing mix or 7P’s which is extended from 4P’s by adding people, process and physical evidence (Rafiq & Ahmed, 1995). It is essential for any service industry to employ appropriate staffs or people. Hiring and training a good staff will impact positively on the organization because most of customers will judge the quality of service from staffs. Therefore, a company should hire a staff that has interpersonal skills, communication skills and good service know ledges in order to provide high quality of service to customers. In addition, process is a system used to support a company in delivering the service. Process also demonstrates the overall performance of the organization. For example, Macdonald consumers will get the order within 2 minutes. The marketer needs to focus on the process due to meet the customer’s satisfactory getting the service on time. Lastly, physical evidence is external factors that related to the environment around a service area impacting the customer’s impression. Fir Example, a Thai massage and spa uses eye-catching advertising billboard locating in front of the shop and traditional decoration and atmosphere to attract foreign customers. To sum up, the marketer generally uses 4P’s in product marketing including product, price, place and promotion. On the other hand, the service marketing involves 7P’s which people, price and physical evidence were added. Because of the difference in characteristics, there are more factors in service marketing and the marketer must more concern about the customer’s satisfactory during service time. Hence, the service marketing is somewhat different and also more complicated than product marketing. I think product and services marketing are significantly different because of characteristic of itself. The first characteristic of services marketing is intangibility; it cannot be seen, touched or felt prior consumption. On the other hands, product marketing is tangible, the customer is able to touch, feel, taste or smell the product either before or after purchasing. For example, when customers walk through a restaurant, they might get the food smell from the restaurant but they cannot know how well of service if they do not buy the menu. Secondly, products can be stored in order to sell to the customer in the next time whereas services marketing mostly are unable to be inventoried, they are perishable. Hence, the value of service always exists at the point when it is required. Therefore, it seems to be very difficult to match supply with demand in service marketing. Thirdly, the other difference of product and services marketing is the level of relationship between the client and provider. Undoubtedly, there is much more personal contact required in services marketing than product marketing. In case of product marketing, customers and sellers may face each other just once time when they are dealing products and they might have no chance to see each other again. However, in services marketing, consumers and service providers may have to see each other frequently throughout until the contract is ended or until the last thing that consumers expect to gain from a service provider. There is a difference in price setting between both marketing. With product marketing, the price is easy to set by calculating from value, the strength of a brand, the quality of material and the demand in market. Furthermore, the customer can ask for discount from vendors so there is high flexibility and a standard in the price setting of product marketing. On the other hand, service marketing is quiet difficult to set fairly price. Mainly, service companies have to calculate from the cost of hiring employees and servicing time. Some companies also charge initial fee and service taxes to customers. Additionally, the service price is considered less flexible because mostly consumers cannot ask for discount from service providers. Reference http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/EC/EC-730.pdf

A modern online university Vision E University Essay

Vision E University is a modern online university established in 2017. The name was inspired by visualizing the future of University Education, where there is higher use of technology which eases the education for all students from all around the world. This idea is based on the approach of the technology is leaning towards online services, like online shopping, online banking, etc. therefore Vision E University wanted to provide quality online education. Vision E University provides bachelors and master’s degree for all majors in the business sector, engineering sector, IT sector, Law sector, and Arts sector. Where the university provides an environment that all students can register online through the university website, the students can also attend their classes online, added to that examine and provide the reports online. These aspects ease the transportation for the students; therefore students from all around the world can gain their university degree online. 1. What makes vision E-university unique? †¢ What makes Vision E-University unique is that it is very flexible; there is no limit to the number of students the University can hold therefore everyone in the world can get a chance to gain their university degree. The University is also very flexible with the timings for the students, as they can register and enter the university at any month, every semester will be three months long. Added to that they can make their schedule based on the timings that suits them as students might be from different countries with different timings, plus they can include as many subjects as they can with a maximum of 8 subjects and a minimum of 1 per course, this will help the students with their funding as they might not be able to afford all subjects at once, and there are no limited years for a student to graduate. This is because Vision E-University aims to provide a chance for quality education for all of the students from all ages and positions, including undergraduates, house wifeâ⠂¬â„¢s, employees and etc. †¢ As some people might be embarrassed to study in a campus with young students, and might not be able to attend all of the classes on the campus because of other duties. Vision E university provides the solution, as these students will attend online, and they will be where they feel comfortable, and they can take the online courses at the time that suits them. 2. Features and characteristics o The three-month course will include online books, and a website was the online courses videos will be uploaded to the student directly based on the subjects they chose. Added to that a schedule will be included containing all deadlines for the projects homework and tests. The University will provide every student with a memory of 1 terabyte in the Google-powered cloud called One Drive, as they can save their work and research in it, without getting and they can access their data on any device. All the assignments and homework’s and tests will be submitted online. o There will be doctors and professors from all around the world to correct and answer the students online. The University’s website will include a smart search engine that is connected to all of the courses in the university, where students can ask any question that is included in the books or lectures and the search engine will provide them with all of the data they need. As well as a social link where the students from many cultures can share their experiences and help each other with questions and connect together. o The mission of Vision E University is to create excellent learning and online research environment, through delivering flexible and effective education for international students. And the vision of the university is to be the leading Online University of providing the best online system and education.

Free Essays on Agatha Christie

were â€Å"A good mystery is never solved† (Dommermuth-Costa 108). Agatha Christie le... Free Essays on Agatha Christie Free Essays on Agatha Christie When I think of mystery novels, I think of just one name-Agatha Christie. In a writing career that spanned more than half a century, Agatha Christie wrote 79 novels and short story collections (Dubose 42). Agatha Miller was born in Torquay, England on September 15, 1980 to a rich, loving family. Her father died when she was a child. Christie was educated home, where her mother encouraged her to write from very early age. She enjoyed writing, and it became a passion for her. She did not have a very active social life, so she spent most of her time writing stories and poems. At sixteen she was sent to school in Paris where she studied singing and piano. Christie was an accomplished pianist but her stage fright and shyness prevented her from pursuing a career in music. When Christie's mother took her to Cairo for a winter, where she started writing her first novel, Mysterious Affairs at Styles. Encouraged by Eden Philpotts, neighbor and friend in Torquay, she devoted herself to writing and had short stories published (Morgan 23). Later, In 1914 Christie married Archibald Christie, an officer in the Flying Royal Corps. Their daughter, Rosalind, was born in 1919. During World War I she worked in a Red Cross Hospital as a hospital dispenser, which gave her a knowledge of poisons. This became a big interest, and most of her books had something to do with death by poison. In 1926, Archie asked for a divorce, having fallen in love with another woman. Agatha, already upset by the recent death of her mother, had disappeared. All of England became wrapped up in the case of the now famous missing writer. For eleven days, Agatha went missing. She was found three weeks later in a small hotel, explaining to police that she had lost her memory. Agatha Christie, â€Å"The Queen of Crime†, died at Wallingford in Oxford shire on Jan. 12, 1976. Her dying words were â€Å"A good mystery is never solved† (Dommermuth-Costa 108). Agatha Christie le...

History Of Contraception essays

History Of Contraception essays Through the centuries, women and men have been searching for the ultimate contraceptive. Many different methods have been tried and many have failed. Some have been painful or comfortable and others ineffective and others effective. Either way different methods have been past down from generations. In the paragraphs below histories of various methods of contraceptives will be discussed. The first method is the natural method. In the past, women used to nurse their children for two or three years. This would suppress ovulation protecting them from pregnancy. Another natural method is coitus reservatus or withholding ejaculation. This meant that the male would not ejaculate in the female, but hold the ejaculation back. Another effective natural method is coitus interruptus or withdrawing before ejaculation. The process of coitus interruptus involves the male withdrawing the penis from the female before ejaculation occurs. Most of these methods were effective yet dangerous.The other form of contraception is known as the artifical method. This method uses unnatural barriers or chemicals to kill, block or slow down sperm. h Abstinence is free and available to everyone. h It's extremely effective at preventing both pregnancy and infection. h It can be started at any time in your life. h Abstinence may encourage people to build relationships in other ways. h Sometimes people change their mind in the heat of the moment and might not have birth control handy. h Some people find not having sex frustrating. Sometimes, if you give birth and only feed the baby from your bodies own milk, it is quite likely that your periods will not return for a number of months. If this is the case, then the woman probably won't get pregnant during the first 6 months of breastfeeding. After the baby is 6 months old, the contraceptive effect of breastfeeding decreases, especially if she start hav...

Spanish Words Without a One-Word English Equivalent

Spanish Words Without a One-Word English Equivalent Here are some Spanish words for which there is no good one-word English equivalent: Amigovio/amigovia This word is fairly new and has various meanings dependent on context, but it often refers to a live-in girlfriend or boyfriend, or a friend with benefits. Katrina era mi amigovia, pero desde que estoy con Belà ©n no la vi ms. (Katrina was my friend with benefits, but since Ive been with Belà ©n I dont see her any more.) Anteayer The day before yesterday, formed by combining ante (before) and ayer (yesterday). Ese es el restaurante al que fuimos anteayer. (That is the restaurant we went to the day before yesterday.) Aprovechar Although this verb can often be translated simply as to use, it often carries a strong connotation of getting the most out of something. No pude aprovechar de la piscina del hotel porque prefiero la playa. (I couldnt take advantage of the hotels swimming pool because I prefer the beach.) Bimestre As a noun, a bimestre is a period of two months. El ahorro en un bimestre fue de 2,500 euros. (There was a savings of 2,500 euros in two months.) As an adjective, bimestre means bimonthly (every two months). Cacerolazo A type of protest in which participants bang on pots and pans. Los cacerolazos comenzaron ayer temprano en Buenos Aires. (The pots-and-pans protest began early yesterday in Buenos Aires.) Centenar A group of 100. The word is often used as an approximation for a large group. Un centenar de inmigrantes de origen subsahariano han intentado saltar la valla de Melilla. (About 100 sub-Saharan immigrants have tried to jump the fence at Melilla.) Concuado/concuada Someone married to a sibling of your spouse is a concuà ±ado or concuà ±ada. La esposa del hermano de mi esposa is mi concuà ±ada. My wifes brothers wife is my concuà ±ada. Consuegro/consuegra If you have a child, his or her spouses parents are your consuegros. For example, your sons wifes mother would be your consuegra. No sà © si mi consuegra es mi amiga or mi enemiga. (I dont know if my childs spouses mother is friend or foe.) Decena Just as a docena is a dozen or group of 12, a decena is a group of 10. Puedes comprar flores por decena. (You can buy flowers 10 at a time.) Desvelarse This reflexive verb refers to not getting sufficient sleep. Cuando nos desvelamos, el cuerpo obtiene energà ­a de una fuente ms accesible: la comida. (When we dont get enough sleep, the body gets energy from the most accessible source: food.) Someone who is sleep-deprived is desvelado. Empalagar To be excessively sweet, either literally (as of some candy) or figuratively (as with personality). Te voy a enseà ±ar mi receta particular, por causa de que la original me empalaga. (Im going to send you my own recipe, because the original is too sweet for me.) Entrecejo The area above the nose, below the forehead and between the eyebrows. Quiero quitarme sin dolor los pelos del entrecejo. (I want to painlessly remove the hairs between my eyebrows.) Estrenar To wear, use, perform or display something for the first time. Estrenà © las zapatillas que mi marido me habà ­a regalado. (For the first time, I put on the slippers that my husband had given me.) A noun form, estreno, can refer to a movie or play premiere or similar events. Friolento Sensitive to cold. Era friolento y se cubrà ­a los hombros con un suà ©ter. (She was sensitive to the cold and covered her shoulders with a sweater.) Friolero has the same meaning. Estadounidense From or of the United States. American is a common equivalent but is sometimes ambiguous as it can also refer to someone or something from the Americas. La cultura estadounidense est construida por la clase media. (U.S. culture was built by the middle class.) Internauta Internet user. Internauta is not capitalized and can be masculine or feminine. El acceso a Internet para la poblacià ³n mexicana representa al menos 55.3 millones de internautas. (Internet access for the Mexican population is available to at least 55.3 million Internet users.) Manco Having one arm, either from birth or as an amputee. Un dà ­a conocà ­ una muchacha manca. (One day I met a one-armed girl.) Quincena This is a period of 15 days or two weeks. British English has fortnight, which is seldom used in American English. Esta quincena es la ms tranquila del aà ±o en Pamplona. (This two-week period is the quietest of the year in Pamplona.) The word can also refer to the 15th of the month, when many workers in some countries get paid. Sobremesa After-meal conversation, from sobre (over) and mesa (table). Con poco tiempo para la sobremesa volvemos a la carretera. (With little time to chat after eating, we went back to the highway.) Trasnochar To stay up all night or put in an all-nighter. Nos trasnochbamos jugando juegos como Islander y Super Mario. (We would stay up all night playing games such as Islander and Super Mario.) Tuerto Having only one eye, or seeing with only one eye. Se llama Pirata por ser tuerto. (He was called Pirate because he had one eye.) Tutear To speak to someone using tà º, the familiar form of you. A cultural equivalent might be to speak with someone on a first-name basis. Nunca habà ­a llegado al punto de tutear a alguien. (I never have reached the point of using tà º with someone.)

Creative Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Creative Media - Essay Example These building blocks include the sounds and images. The value of aesthetics in animation cannot be quantified. It may appear subtle. However, aesthetics in animation plays a vital role. In other fields like cinemas, the content within a storyline as well as the storyline itself play the aesthetic role. By use of aesthetics, a story may be delivered as intended, or it may deliver the contradictory message. The thrill in collaboration of images and pixels of objects surpasses the verbal grasp. For this reason, animation may appear to be imaginary or real (Kreowski & Ehrig, 2005). In order to deliver the best aesthetics in animation, one needs to consider the coherence of the artificial models. Poor aesthetics, on the other hand, may be able to result in delivery of the wrong message. This could make a film to appear disengaging or even unprofessional. When making animated films, attention to aesthetics is inevitable. Proper aesthetics helps the audience to build their trust in the product. Consequently, they may forget that they are watching a film. This helps in impacting the intended emotions in the audience (Pikkov, & Näripea, 2010). In animation, style may be referred to as the preferences of the filmmaker in the choice of aesthetics. A filmmaker’s style may be determined by the kinds or models of worlds that he chooses to lean on. The choice of style depends on the consideration of its purity and authenticity. In addition, they may choose to exploit their prowess, experience and knowledge. Often, the filmmakers may not be quite aware of their choice of style. These filmmakers perform their chores so faithfully and naturally (Carroll, 2001). Style generates itself through a combination of ideals of the filmmaker. In essence, style emanates through the product as compared to the inputs. Sometimes, style may be misinterpreted as the superficial change of the appearance of an

Transnational Crimes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transnational Crimes - Term Paper Example According to him, â€Å"some crimes arise out of particular cultural or societal conditions and experiences that differ from one country to another† (p.4) and so one behavior that one country may accept may not be acceptable by another country. Types of Transnational Crimes Affecting U.S. Following is a detailed description of some transnational crimes that are affecting the U.S. one way or the other. Cybercrime Cybercrime involves electronic communication to commit crime like false business activities, identity stealth, pornography, hidden identities, and fraudulent e-commerce, all of which are activities that do not need to be confined within the country’s borders. These transnational crimes are increasing the crime rate related to internet in the United States and people of all ages including children and elders, and all sectors including politics, education, healthcare, and commerce are being affected by these activities. One often has to reveal bits of his personal information while doing online transactions, such as, his name, address, telephone number, bank information, credit card information, and etcetera. When a cyber criminal steals someone’s this information, then he can misuse or disclose it to criminal groups thus ending up either blackmailing the person/company or bringing him bad name. Human and Drug Trafficking United Nations is facing one of the greatest challenges of its time- dealing with human traffickers who target a great number of men, women and children every year exploiting them for reasons like prostitution, forced labor, slavery, or organ removal. Human and drug trafficking are considered as â€Å"two major area of transnational organized crime† (Agenzia Fides, 2010). Both types of supplies exploit people and create devastating effects on them and their families. How drugs and alcohol is being used in human trafficking is an interesting issue. Women and children are forced to pursue pornography and for thi s purpose they are forced to take drugs and alcohol so that they become senseless and do not get an idea what is happening to them, thus combining both trades- human and drugs- in one business. Davenport (2010) reports Arizona Governor, Jan Brewer, who asserted the fact that â€Å"the motivation of a lot of the illegal immigrants is to enter the United States to look for work, but that drug rings press them into duty as drug mules.† She further states that most of the illegal immigrant or trafficked persons that are brought into Arizona are being supervised by big drug cartels and smuggling companies, making the victims bring in the drugs and alcohol with them, knowingly or unknowingly. Terrorism Terrorism is another transnational crime which the U.S. is facing. Terrorists get their training from different countries of the world and enter the U.S. or other countries to spread terrorism and deteriorate peace of the society. The most common example would be the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon in the U.S. which badly affected U.S. economical infrastructure and took lives of many innocent people. It was obvious that the hijackers or the planes were well trained and had special training of carrying ammunition and flying the planes. This and many other such criminal activities involve many

How do we explain the development of intrastate or civil conflict Essay

How do we explain the development of intrastate or civil conflict - Essay Example Internal conflicts contribute to disruption of the existing infrastructure and depreciate economic development, which is highlighted in poor African countries with long recovery periods that adversely affect people’s economic, health and social wellbeing (Collier, 1998). The politics of a country may make unequal distribution of a country’s resources and wealth, and this ultimately leads to violent rebellions against the rich and those in power. Armed civil conflicts are mostly common in the economically underdeveloped nations with high prevalence of joblessness, oppression, and injustice. The After Effects of European Colonialism The Berlin conference laid up the strategies for dividing Africa necessitating the creation of haphazard artificial boundaries. The large expanse of the African continent became a challenge for colonial administrators who lacked the manpower and resources to effectively rule the land (Shah, 2010). They used the divide and rule policy, which fe rmented numerous and disastrous conflicts. The boundaries colonialists created in Africa served their own economic interests. Colonialism erased entire cultures, and they way of life of many communities, most colonies were given minimal education, and religion to suit the Europeans needs (Shah, 2010). The postcolonial period proved difficult for Africans as the majority had useless skills unequipped for rebuilding their continent, coupled with people of diverse ethnic backgrounds and cultures crammed up together in depraved conditions. These people lacked the capacity to accommodate each other and develop nationalism that is exhibited in other parts of the world (Shah, 2010). Majority of the leaders that assisted Europeans to govern were ambitious and corrupt and they ruthlessly exploited their fellow Africans for their own gain. After independence, these people ascended to powerful political positions and to safeguard their positions majority used single party leaderships to rule. Single party leadership oppressed many citizens creating civil wars that led to assassinations and coups. These regimes are responsible for a majority of the civil wars experienced in Africa (Shah, 2010). Colonialists who introduced new cash crops directed the national economic activities of most developing countries. The Africans lost their native crops, which were suited to their climates and embraced foreign cash crops to serve the western markets exposing them to food insecurities (Shah, 2010). The nationalization of commercial cash crop farming and mineral mining in some regions make these people dependent on limited economic activities exposing them to fluctuating world market, prices increasing civil war risks. Africa constitutes very many ethnic communities and sub tribes that previously coexisted peacefully. The scramble for Africa by Europeans divided the continent and changed the structural life of Africans. Most colonialist governments promoted Darwinism, which elevated some communities and oppressed others leading to fundamental inequalities that have persisted to the current times. The Rwandese genocide arose from the tribal hierarchy left by the Belgium after Rwanda gained independence. They had made Tutsis

Managing Conflict and Negotiating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Conflict and Negotiating - Essay Example for instance can easily be managed or hindered even though everyone is competing is the thought that the human resource is appreciated as all best in their own way and are capable of innovating the best possible products. An organization is susceptible to fail because of lack of teamwork. In order to apply the idea of affiliation in an organization, teamwork must prevail and should be added as substantial core value, in order to help everyone treat each other as colleagues rather than adversaries. One way to improve cohesiveness of a team is to employ this idea, which tries to influence everyone to work as one for the same goal. Another important core value that should be initiated along the process of conflict management is respect. An organization is susceptible to incur troubles due to lose of respect. In the presence of respect, autonomy could be exercised. A team requires everyone to have respect for each other especially in the kind of decision they make. To ensure conflict will be managed, each department for instance, must be able to be allowed to exercise their freedom to decide for as long as everything is fully in line with the company’s direction. At small scale, the same approach must be initiated among everybody in the group. Another core value that could be enhanced in an organization is recognition, which could promote individual status. Superiority complex is common to every organization. Nobody should be treated inferior as there must be something in each of one that could be recognized as potential contribution to the entire team. In this case, it would be important to initiate quarterly evaluation of individual performance and commending with all sincerity where each one might be good at, by which the point of doing this is to minimize superiority complex within the team. Mostly, conflicts ignite from existing role. The accounting department and marketing department for instance usually have conflicting roles. For this reason, it is

Halifax Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Halifax - Case Study Example Correspondingly, proper planning becomes quite crucial to ensure the sustainability of the tourism sector. Planning in the tourism sector can be done in various different levels including the national and the local level among the prime. In these different levels, concerned authorities in tourism destination involve in the process of development of individual sectors along with enhancing the prevailing services and facilities among others. This is done with the intention to structure the destination as per the needs and demands of the potential visitors (Angelfire, 2014). Contextually, this particular discussion will mainly intend to present and determine pertinent plans for Halifax Canada as a tourism destination that can facilitate to attract utmost level of global visitors. Halifax is one of the most renowned cities of Canada which has places and features that can encourage people to visit the same. This particular tourism planning report will mainly intend to evaluate the destina tion i.e. Halifax in order to identify its resources of tourism along with a few of the other attributes that are vital to attract tourists. The goals of the tourism authority of Halifax are to present the place as one of the best tourism destination of the Canada. The sector is quite beneficial for the economy growth of the place and the authorities intends to assure maximum efficacy in the same so that positive results can be ascertained. Contextually, the planning of the concerned authorities include assuring utmost development and sustainability of the tourism sector of Halifax and attract potential visitors towards the place and gain positive experience in their leisure time (Nova Scotia, 2011). It has been noted that there are certain features of a particular destination that attract people to visit the same and spend their leisure time. Contextually, the place i.e. Halifax has certain environmental attributes along with

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

English - Essay Example Following her introduction to this organization during a stay in Europe, Clara Barton was the sole advocate for starting Red Cross chapters in America. She often stood alone in this quest. But standing alone for something she believed in was not a new experience for Clara Barton. Her first job in Washington D.C. was a clerk in the patent office, where she worked side-by-side with men. She caused scandal by being so proficient in her labors that her boss rewarded her with the same pay as her male co-workers. This made Clara Barton the target of what we would refer to today as sexual harassment (Stivers). She stood up to her male detractors and earned the respect of her boss. This was an incredible achievement and required a lot of dedication and persuasion during this period of time. She was given the title â€Å"Angel of the Battle Field† because she took care of the wounded soldiers during Civil War. She served on some of the bloodiest battlefields, including Antietam, Fredericksburg, Petersburg and the Battle of the Wilderness (Oates). She risked everything, including her own life to care for the injured and dying soldiers she tended to. This shows her selfless attitude towards other human beings. She did not even care for her own life because she was so dedicated to serving others. Clara Barton was a very human individual, however. She was not perfect in her interactions with others and in her personal relationships. Some feel that par of her drive to succeed and accomplish great things was rooted in the fact that she was often given to bouts of depression when she was not fighting for a cause (Burton). This depression did not keep her from greatness. In 1861 Clara Barton, she was appointed as the Superintendent of Nurses and in the year 1869 she again served the soldiers in the Franco- Prussian War. The year 1873 saw her return to United States where she began to organize the Red Cross. It took almost seven years for her to start the Red

Halifax Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Halifax - Case Study Example Correspondingly, proper planning becomes quite crucial to ensure the sustainability of the tourism sector. Planning in the tourism sector can be done in various different levels including the national and the local level among the prime. In these different levels, concerned authorities in tourism destination involve in the process of development of individual sectors along with enhancing the prevailing services and facilities among others. This is done with the intention to structure the destination as per the needs and demands of the potential visitors (Angelfire, 2014). Contextually, this particular discussion will mainly intend to present and determine pertinent plans for Halifax Canada as a tourism destination that can facilitate to attract utmost level of global visitors. Halifax is one of the most renowned cities of Canada which has places and features that can encourage people to visit the same. This particular tourism planning report will mainly intend to evaluate the destina tion i.e. Halifax in order to identify its resources of tourism along with a few of the other attributes that are vital to attract tourists. The goals of the tourism authority of Halifax are to present the place as one of the best tourism destination of the Canada. The sector is quite beneficial for the economy growth of the place and the authorities intends to assure maximum efficacy in the same so that positive results can be ascertained. Contextually, the planning of the concerned authorities include assuring utmost development and sustainability of the tourism sector of Halifax and attract potential visitors towards the place and gain positive experience in their leisure time (Nova Scotia, 2011). It has been noted that there are certain features of a particular destination that attract people to visit the same and spend their leisure time. Contextually, the place i.e. Halifax has certain environmental attributes along with

Buyers Purchase Decision and Branding Coursework

Buyers Purchase Decision and Branding - Coursework Example The scope of the study covers all kinds of buyers with different behaviors making buying decisions with regard to different brands. There is also a detailed study on Consumer Decision Process. There is a good enough introduction on consumer buying process besides an extended and detailed introduction on Branding and Marketing emphasizing the difference between the two and how the concepts are different from each and in what way there can be a delineation between the two. There is an explanation on the different stages of Consumer Buying Behaviour, namely Need Awareness, Information Search, Checking Options, Purchase Decision, and Post Purchase Behaviour. There is also a detailed explanation on Types of Consumer Buying Behaviour in the form of Routine Response Behaviour, which is prevalent in the from of day to day items that do not need though process and are bought instantly, Limited Decision Making, which requires product research to an extent, Extensive Decision Making, which invo lves products that are unfamiliar, infrequently bought and expensive. The last form of Buyer Behaviour is the Impulse Buying that includes buying on an impulse. There is also a detailed talk about the effect of Brands on Buyer Behaviour, which includes concepts like Brand Loyalty, Influence of Brands on consumers and contribution of Brands in helping a Consumer in Buying Process, Co relation between Brand Image and self image, Brand Equity and so on. There is also an introduction of factors that influence Purchase Decision besides Brand. These factors are mentioned in the form of two main headings namely, Internal Factors and External Factors. Perceptions, Knowledge, Attitude, Personality, and Lifestyle are some such Internal Factors whereas Culture, Situation, are some of the External Factors. The final part of the study explains the general methodology to do research along with the secondary data collected. The methodology part also talks about CDP cycle in detail. The methodology part also tries to answer, why a consumer prefers some brands or stores over others and what are the basic reasons and linking factors connected to his choice. Introduction and Background In today's world where there are so many products thronged over every nook and corner of the market, it is an extremely difficult task for a buyer to choose amongst the products. Globalization has made it even more difficult with the entry of several new firms into any business. A buyer while purchasing or making a purchase decision goes through a process and reaches a final decision in favor or against the product, however Branding is perhaps the only powerful tool that not only helps a corporate establish a goodwill, but also helps a buyer in taking a fast decision regarding whether to go for a product or discard it. So Branding undoubtedly facilitates faster decision making with ease. The reason behind this phenomenon is that buyers are generally skeptical about buying any product because they have to spend money and part away from it, in lieu of some goods, which they may not trust in the beginning, until they have used and experienced them for a while. So they look up to a Brand ed product, as their savior in such an uncertainty. This purpose makes it important for us

Road to Independence Notes Essay Example for Free

Road to Independence Notes Essay People are reconsidering the policy of colonialism. 1. After WWII, people questioned whether dictatorship was a good idea. 2. â€Å"All nations should be free from the power of other nations. † 3. Keeping colonies had a high cost. It wasn’t worth it. 4. Colonized people pressed harder for freedom. Ex: British-held India II. A Movement Toward Independence A. The Indian’s strive to freedom intensifies. 1. British had power over India for 2 centuries. 2. Britain drafted Indians into WWII in 1939 without the consent of the the colony’s representatives. . Gandhi launched civil disobedience and many who followed were arrested. 4. To gain favor of the Indians, Britain promised government changes after WWII, but didn’t offer freedom. B. Besides colonialism, India struggles with internal conflict. 1. They have religious disagreements. 350 million Hindus 100 million Muslims 2. The Congress Party (aka Indian National Congress: India’s national political party) was made up mostly of Hindus, and a few Muslims. C. The Muslim League is created. 1. The Muslim League (1906) is the organization against the mostly Hindu Congress Party, aimed to protect Muslim interest. . (The leader) Muhammad Ali Jinnah asked all Muslims to leave the Congress party. He would not accept independence from Britain if it meant staying under Hindu rule. III. Freedom Brings Turmoil A. The decision of who receives power is being made. 1. The British lost much wealth after WWII, and was ready to turn over their power, since keeping up with colonies was cos tly. 2. The power will either be given to Hindus or Muslims. B. Muslims resisted Hindu domination. 1. Rioting broke out and in 1946, there were 20,000 casualties in a 4 day clash in Calcutta. C. Pakistan was created. 1. To maintain peace, Britain decided to partition (division of Indian religions into separate nations; idea first brought up by Muslims) India. 2. North western and eastern part of India became Pakistan which was dominated by Muslims. D. Everything in India was being divided. 1. British granted India and Pakistan a month of independence in July 16, 1947. 2. Princes had to decide which nation they’d join. 3. The civil service (courts, military, railways, police) was divided. 4. The differing religions had to decide where to go. E. One million people died during the move to their new nation. 1. Muslims killed Sikhs moving to India. 2. Sikhs and Hindus killed Muslims going to Pakistan. 3. Gandhi went to the Indian capital (Delhi) to ask for mercy, but was killed by a hindu extremist in January 30, 1948. F. Hindus and Muslims fight for Kashmir. 1. Kashmir is at the northern point of India next to Pakistan. 2. It had a Hindu ruler, but the majority of people living there was Muslim. 3. Fighting continued until UN arranged cease-fire in 1949. 4. One-third went to Pakistan (Muslims) and the rest to India (Hindus). IV. Modern India A. India has become the world’s largest democracy. 1. India gained independence in August 15, 1947. 2. Jawaharlal Nehru (the independent nation’s first prime minister) addressed India’s freedom. B. Nehru is the leader. 1. He served the first 17 years of India’s independence as leader. 2. He was a devoted follower of Gandhi. 3. He emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization, and became very popular with all Indian groups. C. Nehru pushed India forward. 1. He led newly independent nations into making alliances with other non aligned nations. 2. He reorganized the states by language and pushed for industrialization and social reform. 3. He raised the status of those in lower class (lower castes and women). D. A new leader came. 1. Nehru died in 1964. 2. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister in 1966, left office, and was re elected in 1980. E. Challenges set on Indira caused more violent acts and death. 1. Sikh extremists wanted an independent state. 2. The Golden Temple was the Sikh’s religious center. 3. The Sikhs attacked symbols of Indian authority, so Indians troops overran the Golden Temple, killing 500 Sikhs and destroying sacred property. 4. Indira was gunned down by Sikh bodyguards and another murder spree occurred, killing thousands of Sikhs. . Indira’s son, Rajiv, became prime minister, but lost power because of corruption. He was then killed. F. Atal Bihari Vajpayee faced problems. 1. The leader of the nationalist party of India, Vajpayee, faced challenges of overpopulation and strife among religions. 2. The struggle between India and Pakistan was bad, now that they became nucle ar powers. India exploded a nuclear device in 1974. For 24 years, India improved nuclear capability in private. In 1998, 5 nuclear tests were conducted. Pakistanis also showed they had nuclear capabilities. The nuclear weapons of both rival groups became an international concern, especially because of Hindus and Muslims continuous struggle over Kashmir. V. Pakistan Copes with Freedom A. Pakistan was already very turbulent and had differences between West Pakistan and East Pakistan. B. The two regions of Pakistan struggled with each other. 1. A tidal wave hit East Pakistan and killed 266,000 residents in 1970, calling for international aid that West Pakistan was not eager in giving. 2. East Pakistan protested and called to end all ties with West Pakistan. C. Pakistan undergoes its own partition. 1. On March 26, 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh. 2. Civil war broke out. Indians sided with Bangladesh and Pakistan surrendered. 3. 1 million people died. 4. One-seventh of area and one-half of the population in Pakistan was lost. D. Pakistan is instable. 1. After the death of the first governor general of India, the nation had no strong leader and went through many military coups. First in 1958 by Ali Bhutto Second in 1977 by General Zia Third Benazir Bhutto, Ali’s daughter, became prime minister. Fourth, Sharif in 1997. VI. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Struggle A. Bangladesh faces many problems. 1. War brought economic and communication issues in Bangladesh. 2. Sheik Mujibur Rahman became the first prime minister of Bangladesh. Interested more in power than making reparations 3. Bangladesh tries to become democratic and fraud and corruption was common. Recently, it has been more stable and Begum Khaleda Zia became prime minister in 2001. 4. Natural disasters were troublesome. Bangladesh (low-lying) is subject to cyclones, tidal waves, massive storms which floods lands, ruins crops, takes lives, and homes. 5. Rapid growth in population put stress on the economy. B. There is civil strife in Sri Lanka. . Sinhalese Buddhists and Tamil Hindus make up the two main groups in Sri Lanka. 2. Tamils wanted to become a separate Tamil nation and violence occurred in order to do so. Rajiv Gandhi and the president on Sri Lanka made an agreement that called Indian troops to disarm Tamil rebels. A civil war between Tamils and Sri Lankans still exists. New Nations in Africa: Chapter 34 Section 3 I. Setting the Stage A. Africa was also a nation victim to colonization. B. Like India, they were unwilling to return to colonization after WWII, so they also won their independence and went on to creating new African nations. II. Achieving Independence A. A movement is made for Black Heritage. 1. The French-speaking Africans and West Indians grew pride for traditional Africa. 2. The Negritude movement (movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values) was formed. B. WWII changed the views of colonies and colonizers, which helped Africa gain independence from 1950s-1960s. 1. The African joined Europeans in WWII to defend freedom, and were unwilling to return to colonization. 2. The European colonizers developed morale and wondered whether it was a good idea to still hold colonies. In addition to morale, maintaining colonies was costly and wasn’t viewed as something worth losing money for. C. Africa achieved independence in a unique way. 1. Unlike other colonized areas that pushed for independence, Africa was colonized indirectly and directly. Those who were ruled indirectly were able to enjoy limited self-rule and were ruled by local officials. They achieved independence more easily. Those ruled directly were governed at all levels by foreigners and did not have any self rule. To get independence, they had to fight wars. D. Africa struggled even after they gained their independence. . They had to start from scratch: creating a new gov. , and establishing postcolonial economy. 2. Internal conflicts made it hard create stable nations. When colonized by Europeans, Africa was separated by random and many tribes who shared the same culture were divided and enclosed with rival groups, causing violence. III. Ghana Leads the Way A. The Gold Coast, a British col ony, achieves full independence. 1. The Gold Coast (South of the Sahara) achieved independence, so British allowed for Africans to be nominated for legislative council. 2. However, they wanted full freedom and created a group. . Kwame Nkrumah (leader of the nonviolent group) organized strikes and boycotts, and was also imprisoned many times, (starting in 1947) eventually being able to liberate the Gold Coast from the British government. B. Good intentions called for opposition against Nkrumah. 1. The Gold Coast became Ghana (from the Ghana Kingdom of Africa) after it received its independence in 1957. 2. Nkrumah, the first prime-minister and president for life, pushed for industrialization by building new roads, schools, and health facilities. 3. His programs were too costly, and people began to oppose him. C. Ghana still continues to struggle. 1. Nkrumah was criticized for neglecting economic issues. 2. When in China (1966) he was replaced by the police and army in Ghana. 3. The power shifts between civilian and military rule, and Ghana struggles economically. 4. 2000 marks the first open election in Ghana. IV. Fighting for Freedom A. The British is forced to allow Kenyan self-government. 1. The British were unwilling to give Kenyans independence because they’ve taken over prized farmland in the northern highlands of Kenya. 2. The Kenyans had 2 developments which forced British to surrender. Jomo Kenyatta’s (Kenyan nationalist) strong leadership. The Mau Mau, a secret society of mostly native Kenyan farmers forced out of the highlands by British people. B. The Mau Mau fight for independence. 1. Guerilla tactics were used to push out the British from the highlands. 2. Kenyatta had no connection to the Mau Mau but did not stop them from fighting for their freedom. 3. Kenyatta was imprisoned for about a decade. 4. Kenya was granted independence in 1963, however, 10,00 Africans and 100 settlers died. C. After gaining independence, Kenya still faced some struggles from poor leadership. 1. Kenyatta became the president and worked to reunite various groups in his nation, but he died in 1978. 2. He was succeeded by a weak leader, Daniel arap Moi. 3. Under Moi’s leadership was opposition to his one-party rule, corruption, and conflicts between ethnicities killing hundreds and making thousands homeless. 4. He left office in 2002, and a new party gained power through elections. D. Algeria wins independence through battle. 1. Algeria had a population of 1 million French and 9 million Arabs and Berber Muslims. 2. French did not want to share political power with the natives even after WWII. . The FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) would fight for freedom, and upon hearing this, the French sent half a million troops to fight the FLN. 4. The FLN won and gained independence in July 1962. E. Uncertainty within Algeria calls for civil war. 1. The FLN leader, Ahmed Ben Bella, becomes president and attempts to make Algeria follow socialism, but is overthrown. 2. From 19 65-1988, Algeria tried to modernize, but failed. Religious fundamentalists wanted to make Algeria an Islamic state because they were dissatisfied with the current government and high unemployment rates. 3. The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections in 1990 and 1991, but the government and army refused the results. 4. Civil war broke out between Islamic militants and the government, and goes on and off until this day. V. Civil War in Congo and Angola A. The people of Congo were unprepared for independence, and it led to turmoil. 1. Belgians colonized and plundered Congo taking all its riches and resources such as rubber and copper. 2. They gave no social services to the natives of Congo, and did not prepare them for independence. 3. They granted Congo (aka Zaire from 1971-1997) independence in 1960, which cause upheaval, and civil war. B. Congo goes through two leaders. 1. Years of civil war sprung up, and Mobutu Sese Seko (aka Colonel Joseph Mobutu) seized power in 1965. He renamed Congo to Zaire and ruled it for 32 years. He held control over Zaire with force, one-party rule, and bribing supporters with gifts. He withstood rebellions. 2. In 1997, he was overthrown by Laurent Kabila (rebel leader). Zaire was renamed The Democratic Republic of Congo. C. Kabila wasn’t the leader people hoped for, and a new leader rises. 1. He became president and promised a democracy, but never delivered it. 2. Civil war broke out again, and rebel groups wanted to overthrow Kabila. . He was assassinated by a bodyguard in 2001. 4. Joseph Kabila, his son, took power and pushed for peace. 5. Rebels stopped rebelling in 2002 in hope that the peace may come. D. Angola (South West of Congo) fought for independence. 1. Angola was ruled by the Portuguese who were unwilling to let go of their colony. 2. An independence movement broke out and Portugal sent 50,000 troops to end it, which wiped out half of Portugal’s budget. 3. The cost of war and the war’s opposition in Portugal called for them to withdraw from Angola in 1975. E. Civil war broke out in Angola. 1. Angola became a new nation, and the MPLA (Communist leaning â€Å"Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola†) declared itself as the government. 2. Rebel groups fought against the government for power. 3. 50,000 Cuban troops and Soviet Union supported the MPLA. 4. South Africa and the U. S. supported the UNITA (the major opposition to the MPLA; â€Å"National Union for the Total Independence of Angola†) 5. The MPLA and UNITA abandoned many cease-fire agreements, but in 2002, a peace accord was agreed to and the civil war ended. Conflicts in the Middle East: Chapter 34 Section 4 I. Setting the Stage A. By the end of WWII, Jewish finally gained its own state, which proved to have bad consequences. 1. The Jewish gained a state that was located by the Mediterranean Sea. 2. It consisted of mostly Arabs who rejected the creation of a Jewish state. 3. Palestinians claimed Jewish states to be theirs, therefore opposing Jewish states. 4. Wars were fought between Jews and Arabs, and Jews and Palestinians. II. Israel Becomes a State A. Palestinians, Jews, and Arabs all claim the same lands (Israel, West Bank, and the Gaza Strip in modern day Palestine). 1. Jews’ reason: 3,000 before, Jewish Kings ruled the lands from Jerusalem. . Palestinians’ reason: land was theirs since Jewish exile on A. D. 135. 3. Arabs’ reason: their conquest of the lands in the 7th century (600s). B. The Jews wanted to return to Palestine and gain a Jewish state centuries after their exile. 1. The Jewish were unable to gain their own state after their exile, and dispersed around the world (Diaspor a). 2. Zionists (people who favored a Jewish state in Palestine) started returning to their homeland during the 19th and 20th centuries (1800s-1900s). C. A British idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine cause sparks between the Jews and Palestinians. 1. The British directed Palestine (League of Nations’ commands) as a result of the loss of the Turkish Ottoman Empire in WWI. 2. Many Jews were in Palestine, and pressed for their own nation. 3. Palestinians opposed the idea, so when Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour of Britain proposed creating a Jewish state while keeping the rights of non-Jewish communities (Balfour Declaration) and the plan failed, tensions rose between Palestinians and Jews. D. The U. S. and many European nations felt sympathy towards the Jews, who were targeted in the Holocaust, so they devised a plan that would give Jews what they desired. 1. The UN General Assembly voted for partition in Palestine, one part being a Palestinian state, the other being a Jewish state, and Jerusalem being an international city owned by no one. 2. The Jews made up 34% of the population but gained 55% of the land. E. The partition was set, although Muslims and Palestines rejected it. 1. â€Å"The UN has no right to make such a proposal without first consulting the majority who will be affected by it. †- Muslims and Palestinians. 2. David Ben Gurion (leader of Jews in Palestine) announced that the independent nation of Israel was formed on May 14, 1948. III. Israel and Arab States in Conflict A. War broke out between Israeli and Arab states. 1. The first one (won by Israel) was a day before Israel became a nation, where Islamic states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi, Arabia, and Syria invaded Israel. B. The partition wasn’t fully effective because of fighting. 1. Israel seized half of Palestine in 1948-1949. 2. 600,000 Palestinians left to nearby UN sponsored refugee camps. 3. Arabs also seized Palestinian lands. C. War broke out in 1956 during the Suez Crisis. 1. Egypt seized the Suez Canal. 2. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egyptian president) sent troops to seized the canal controlled by British because he was angry that the U. S. and British stopped financially supporting Egypt’s Aswan Dam. 3. Britain formed an alliance with France and israel to regain the Suez canal. 4. Israel defeated the Egyptians using air support of their European allies. 5. The war ended when the U. S. and Soviets forced Israel and Europeans out of Egypt, ultimately giving Egypt the Suez Canal by the end of the Suez Crisis. D. Another war broke out in 1967, called the Six-Day War. 1. Nasser and Arab allies, equipped with Soviet tanks and aircraft were ready to confront Israel and close off Israel’s outlet to the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba. 2. Israelis knew Arabs would attack, so the struck airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria, and ground forces defeated Arab states in this Six-Day War. 4. Israelis gained the lands around them (Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, The Golden Heights, and the West Bank). 5. They served as buffers for future attacks. 6. Palestinians living in Jerusalem chose Jordanian citizenship, and others not living in Jerusalem went other Jewish control. E. A fourth War broke out in October 1973, called the Yom Kippur War. 1. Anwar Sadat,(Egyptian president who succeeded Nasser) planned an Arab attack on Israel during Yom Kippur. . Sadat was able to reconquer land lost in the Six-Day War. 3. Golda Meir (prime minister of Israel during the Yom Kippur War) counterattacked and regained most the land. 4. After weeks of fighting, a truce was declared. F. Palestinians pushed for recognition and its own state. 1. The UN had given Palestinians its own state during the partition, but the land given was seized by Is raelis during their vast amount of wars. 2. The PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) was organized by Palestinian officials in 1964, and initially consisted mostly of social workers, like teachers, lawyers. 3. Guerilla fighters then dominated the PLO and insisted that to get what they want, it needs to be done by means of struggle. 4. Yasir Arafat became PLO’s chairman in 1969 and carried out attacks on Israel, which was supported by Arabs, since they were able to operate on Arab land. IV. Efforts at peace A. An attempt of peace was made by Anwar Sadat. 1. In 1977, he declared that Israeli parliament (Knesset) and Arabs make peace, with the terms that Israel returns the land they took in the Six-Day War and recognize Palestinian rights. B. An agreement is reached between the Israel and Arab country. 1. President Carter invited Anwar and the Israeli prime minister, Menachem Begin, to a presidential retreat, Camp David, Maryland, 2. There, Begin and Sadat negotiated, and finally in 1979, Carter announced that Egypt recognized the Israeli state and Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula, in an agreement called the Camp David Accords. C. Peace was maintained even after Anwar’s assassination. 1. Muslim extremists were enraged at his plan for peace, and killed him. 2. Hosni Mubarak maintained the peace. D. Tensions increased between Israelis and Palestinians. 1. The military of PLO intensified its armed struggle with Israel during the 1970s-1980s. . Israel responded by bombing bases of Palestinian towns and invading neighboring countries such as Lebanon, to destroy Palestinian strongholds. 3. Israel became involved in the Lebanon civil war and was forced to withdraw. 4. Palestinians showed their frustration with civil disobedience (using boycotts, attacks on Israeli soldiers, demonst rations, and rock throwing) called intifada (uprising) in 1987. 5. This put global pressure on Israel, which forced them to organize peace talks with Israeli and Palestinian delegates on October 1991. E. The peace talks made little progress, so a new document was made. . Secret talks in Oslo, Norway produced an agreement called the Oslo Peace Accords (Declaration of Principles), which stated that Palestinians have self-rule in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, beginning with the town of Jericho. 2. The agreement was signed on September 13, 1993 by the Israeli prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, and Arafat. F. The agreement was hard to work out. 1. A Jewish extremist, who opposed concessions to Palestinians, assassinated Rabin in 1995. 2. He was succeeded by Benjamin Netanyahu, who also opposed the Oslo Accords, but was willing to keep to the agreement. . He met with Arafat in 1997 to discuss Israeli partial withdrawal from the West Bank. V. Peace Slips Away A. The peace agreement is stalled. 1. Prime Minister Ehud Barak (1999) supported the peace plan more t han Netanyahu. 2. (2000) Bill Clinton hosted a summit meeting between Ehud Barak and Arafat in Camp David, but they couldn’t reach a compromise. B. A second intifada was launched. 1. An Israeli political leader, Ariel Sharon, visited the Dome of the Rock, a reverend place for Muslims. 2. Muslims were outraged and broke out a new intifada. 3. The second intifada was much like the first one, but instead, included suicide bombers which called for more bloodshed. 4. The Israelis responded by bombing possible Palestinian refugee camps, where extremist could be hiding. They also bombed Arafat’s headquarters. C. Peace seems far from being reached. 1. Ariel Sharon became the prime minister of Israel in 2001, and refused to negotiate with the Palestinians if the attacks of suicide bomber continued. 2. Israeli officials declared to no longer meet with Arafat, who had strained relations with many Israeli leaders. D. A solution for peace is being worked on. 1. Arafat agreed to lessen his involvement in peace talks, and the first prime minister of the PLO, Mahmoud Abbas, was appointed in 2003. 2. George W. Bush brought together Sharon and Abbas to work on a peace plan called the â€Å"road map. † E. Sharon and Abbas are willing to find a solution. 1. Sharon declared that he looks for the day when Palestinians can govern themselves in their own state. 2. Abbas declares that the goal was for Israel and Palestine to live side-by-side in peace and security. Central Asian Struggles: Chapter 34 Section 5 I. Setting the Stage A. The region of Central Asia changes throughout history because it has been invaded by many powerful groups (Mongols, Byzantines, Ottomans, and the rulers of the Soviet Union. B. The people of this region still tried to keep its culture, and longed to create their own nations. 1. It was made possible with the fall of the Soviets Union. C. They were faced with challenges in making strong independent nations. II. Freedom Brings New Challenges A. Two geographic areas are made. 1. The Soviet Union fell in 1991. 2. Their republics in the south became 15 independent nations which were split into two geographic areas. 3. Transcaucasian Republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) lies between the Black and Caspian seas, on the Caucasus Mountains. 4. Central Asian Republics (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan) lies east of the Caspian sea and extends to the Tian Shan and Pamir mountains. B. These independent nations deeply depended on the Soviet Union for economic help, so they could not be independent. C. The Soviets made economic practices which weakened these nations’ economy. 1. Eg: The Soviets made Central Asian Republics available farms grow cotton, and having only a single crop made the economy unbalanced. D. Azerbaijan can receive income through its richness in oil, because of the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are still tapping into their oil reserves. E. Ethnic and religious differences causes conflict. F. With the fall of the Soviet Union, who prevented the nations from fighting because of the ironfist rule, the ethnic groups began to battle. 1. Eg: Azerbaijan (Muslim country), which surrounded Nagorno-Karabakh (Armenian Christians), battled the Armenians during 1991-1994 when the Armenians pushed to be a new independent nation. III. Afghanistan and the World A. Afghanistan (mostly Muslim nation), which is the least developed country (it was inhabited by farmers or herders), surprised the world with war against the Soviet Union and U. S. B. Afghanistan had many struggles already. 1. Russia wanted Afghanistan because it was near the Indian Ocean 2. British wanted to protect the northern border of its Indian Empire with Afghanistan’s land, eventually fighting 3 wars prior to 1919. C. Afghanistan tries to modernize. 1. In 1919, Afghanistan declared itself a new independent nation, setting up a monarchy. 2. In 1964, reforms and a switch to a democratic government was proposed. . Officials could not agree on reforms, and people people were not interested in the Afghanistan government, so the proposals did not carry out. D. Communism starts to influence Afghanistan. 1. Afghanistan became stable enough to have ties with the U. S. and Soviet Union. 2. They were nonaligned during the Cold War and received support from both sides. 3. They were closely situated with the Soviets. 4. Military leaders overthrew the government in 1973 and rival groups who had close ties with Soviet communists seized power in 1978. 5. Communism conflicted with Islamic teachings. E. The Afghanis stayed loyal to their religion and did not fall to communism. 1. Those who believed that communism conflicted with Islamic teachings formed a group called Mujahideen, who freely fought and rebelled against the government supported by the Soviets. 2. The Soviets heard about this and tried to conquer Afghanistan in 1979-1980 as a new nation in its communist empire. 3. Afghanistan was supported by the U. S. and used guerilla warfare and their knowledge of the terrain to their advantage. 4. In a bloody 10 year war, the Soviets withdrew, and Afghanistan won. F. With the Soviets gone, rebels groups fought for power, and the victor was the Taliban. 1. They were a conservative Islamic group who were controlled 90% of the country by 1998. 2. They turned out to be Islamic Extremists who made strict rules that controlled every aspect of life (woman could not have jobs or go to school, you couldn’t listen to music or watch TV) and punished those who did not listen (severe beating, amputation, and execution). G. The Taliban played a major role in terrorism. 1. They allowed terrorists to train in Afghanistan. 2. They provided refuge to the al-Qaeda leader, Osama Bin Laden. 3. After September 11, the Taliban was asked to give up Osama Bin Laden, but they refused. 4. The U. S. bombed Taliban air defense, airfields, and command centers. 5. The Northern Alliance (anti-Taliban force) was supported by the U. S. and finally was able to overthrow the Taliban. H. Hamid Karzai, the selected leader after the overthrow of the Taliban, would find it hard to stabilize a nation who has been under decades of warfare, and he would also find it difficult to unite a nation with 12 different ethnic groups.

Eyes of a Blue Dog by Gabriel Garcia Marquez :: essays research papers

Then she looked at me. I thought that she was looking at me for the first time. But then, when she turned around behind the lamp and I kept feeling her slippery and oily look in back of me, over my shoulder, I understood that it was I who was looking at her for the first time. I lit a cigarette. I took a drag on the harsh, strong smoke, before spinning in the chair, balancing on one of the rear legs. After that I saw her there, as if she'd been standing beside the lamp looking at me every night. For a few brief minutes that's all we did: look at each other. I looked from the chair, balancing on one of the rear legs. She stood, with a long and quiet hand on the lamp, looking at me. I saw her eyelids lighted up as on every night. It was then that I remembered the usual thing, when I said to her: "Eyes of a blue dog." Without taking her hand off the lamp she said to me: "That. We'll never forget that." She left the orbit, sighing: "Eyes of a blue dog. I've writ ten it everywhere." I saw her walk over to the dressing table. I watched her appear in the circular glass of the mirror looking at me now at the end of a back and forth of mathematical light. I watched her keep on looking at me with her great hot-coal eyes: looking at me while she opened the little box covered with pink mother of pearl. I saw her powder her nose. When she finished, she closed the box, stood up again, and walked over to the lamp once more, saying: "I'm afraid that someone is dreaming about this room and revealing my secrets." And over the flame she held the same long and tremulous hand that she had been warming before sitting down at the mirror. And she said: "You don't feel the cold." And I said to her: "Sometimes." And she said to me: "You must feel it now." And then I understood why I couldn't have been alone in the seat. It was the cold that had been giving me the certainty of my solitude. "Now I feel it," I said. "And it's stran ge because the night is quiet. Maybe the sheet fell off." She didn't answer. Again she began to move toward the mirror and I turned again in the chair, keeping my back to her.

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Son During the last months, weeks and days of the life of Hays Johnson, during that hard time of his illness, he was not dying. He was living. This may seem to be a matter of semantics or playing with words, but I learned from him during that period a lesson which I had previously only perceived in a fragmentary fashion. When a newborn utters its first loud wail, a sound which touches the hearts of the bystanders, it is perhaps an expression of regret that its stay in this beautiful world is temporary. Perhaps the baby knows what we often forget, that we are all ultimately terminal. I do not think for one moment that in his last days on earth Hays was in a state of denial or rationalization. He knew how sick he was. But he was determined to take the advice of the song: I'm gonna live, live, live until I die. With one important difference. The implication of the song is that one should take from life whatever one can grab before it is too late. Hays wanted to give whatever he could, and it did not matter to him whether his life stretched before him for decades or for hours, he was going to be one and the same, a person who held fast to his integrity, who had a deep interest in everything going on around him, who wanted to be quietly involved, who wanted to contribute in whatever way he could. There was to be a meeting at the synagogue a few weeks ago. He said to me: "I won't be able to make the meeting, but I should like to know your thoughts on it, and I would like to hear what happens." It was not a dying man who could not make that meeting, it was a man who was fully alive, who, if he was impeded by circumstances from doing what he wished, could yet find ways of taking part. Just one week ago I spoke to him on the phone. He wanted to know what I was doing, and on Monday, as I promised, I put in the mail for him the text of some lectures that he wanted to see. He spoke little of sickness or discomfort, and was as pleasant and cheerful as always. It was fun to talk to him, a man a week away from a long anticipated death.

Bosu Balance Trainer Essay

BOSU has used a few types of competitive advantage`s principles in order to defeat copycat products. BOSU created a new product and locked in customers and buyers by establishing alliances with trainers. BOSU`s marketing strategy created market entry barriers. 2. Information systems played a key role in BOSU`s success. Fitness Quest maintains a database of trainer data. It uses that database for email and postal correspondence as well as for other marketing purposes. Fitness Quest was crucial in the process of BOSU developing a successful marketing strategy. By Fitness Quest database of trainer data, BOSU was able to establish alliances and lock in consumers and buyers. 3. There are many ideas that could be used by Fitness Quest in order to develop its information systems. The main idea would be to help to strengthen ties between customers and between costumers and trainers. Trainers could share ideas about fitness classes for example. There could be also an available chat for customers, so BOSU buyers could participate in chat groups about how they like and use their BOSU trainers. 4. Through trainers, BOSU was able to differentiate. BOSU`s focus was on fitness trainers within the industry. This worked because the trainers believed the BOSU was the best product for giving customer value, which built a relationship between each customer and the product. 5. 1.enhance products and services 2.differentiate products and services 3.lock in customers and trainers 4.raise barrier to market 5.entry and establish alliances 6. There are many differences between BOSU and Indo-Row since those are two completely different products with two different goals. BOSU product focused on balance and Indo-row focused on total work out (it competes with other equipment-based forms of group exercise as Spinning). Indo-row is also more expensive than BOSU and there is no direct competitor since the product is new in the market. The main threat Indo-row and BOSU may face is the possibility of competing with a copycat product in future. 7. It would be already expected from Fitness Quest to send the Indo-row information to trainers and clients by database provided through email and mail. It would be also interesting to provide seminars and training for trainers in order to instruct them how to use the product (so they would be able to teach people how to get the best out of Indo-row). Customers and trainers group chats would be also a good idea, so they would be able to interchange opinions about the product.

Crucial Scene in Macbeth: The Dagger Soliloquy Essay

So far, the play has hurdled through seven scenes of mounting tension and now  tithers on the threshold of regicide. At this point, Shakespeare freezes the action. In the tension of silence, both character and play develop on new levels. For Macbeth, this soliloquy, in A.C. Bradley’s words: â€Å"is where the powerful workings of his imagination rises to a new level of visible intensity as his conscience manifests itself as an air-drawn dagger.† This is the first glimpse of a vigorous imagination from which stems the guilt-inspired hallucinations that will torment him. Bradley concludes that â€Å"his imagination is a substitute for conscience†, but this isn’t all. This soliloquy expresses macbeth’s most profound fears and hopes, and the dagger symbolises the fulfilment of his black desires. It conveys his internal struggle to divest himself of fear and scruples to become wholly committed to murder. His attempt to grab the dagger indicates his desperation to accomplish the deed before any regrets. Yet the past tense in â€Å"the way I was going† suggests that realisation of his desires has blunted blind courage. Macbeth’s difficulty in overcoming his conscience demonstrates that murder goes against his person, and he has to fight his own nature to carry it out. This soliloquy halts the action for us to absorb this crucial element in his characterisation. His struggle also alerts us to his suffering and heroism. The â€Å"heat-oppressed brain† and his confusion as his eyes and touch contradict each other emphasises his tortured, conflicting mind. Macbeth seeks the reassurance of reality, drawing his own dagger in fear and frustration of confusion. He ultimately rejects the illusion, attributing it to the ‘bloody business’. S.T. Coleridge suggests that macbeth â€Å"mistranslates the recoiling of conscience into selfish reasonings due to his cowardice.† From then on, there’s a grim acceptance of the deed and Macbeth bids the earth to â€Å"hear not his steps†. According to Samuel Johnson, â€Å"that Macbeth wishes to escape the eye of providence is the utmost  extravagance of determined wickedness†, yet Bradley interprets Macbeth’s aligning himself with evil as â€Å"frightfully courageous†. From such varied analysis emerge a humanly complex man driven by his internal turmoil to the point where survival requires that courage straddle fear. On the play’s level, this scene guarantees Duncan’s death. The dagger is a symbol of Macbeth’s resolution, turning its handle toward his hand, spurring him to ‘clutch’ it. The personification of ‘withered Murder† gives the deed a concrete tangibility. And Macbeth’s final words â€Å"whiles I threat, he lives† show his cold determination. In confirming Ducan’s death, it marks a turning point in the play, as Macbeth fulfils the witches’ prophecy. Another turning point is in Macbeth. He lets the dagger marshal him toward the deed, pursuing the illusory rewards offered by evil. In David Elloway’s words: â€Å"He’s entered a world of deceptive dreams and moves through it with the mindlessness of a sleepwalker.† Macbeth expresses his fear of the ‘sure and firm-set earth’, which is a symbol of reality. This shows his tendency to take meaning at face-value, justifying his blind confidence in the witches later. The soliloquy’s dark imagery enforces the magnitude of Macbeth’s crime, and foreshadows its consequences. Blood appears both on the blade and handle of the dagger, insinuating that he cannot emerge cleanly from the deed. Associates of night and evil are evoked to set the scene for murder. The apparent death of nature during night connotes the unnaturalness of the deed. Coleridge believes that â€Å"the dimensions of murder are expressed in the portrayal of its movement.† Murder moves in three ways: stealthily, as that of a trained assassin. Then, with Tarquin’s ravish, equating it with rape. And, like that of a ghost’s, a mindless wraith â€Å"alarumed† to fulfil his sole purpose. By portraying the diverse facets of murder, Shakespeare demonstrates its profound unnaturalness, and the magnitude of its consequences. Also, this crucial scene reinforces the themes and motifs of the play, extending upon their importance. Primarily, it illuminates the conflict between appearance and reality. Despite the apparent solidity of the dagger, Macbeth cannot grasp it. This dramatises the deceptive nature of appearance. The latent meanings of many lines epitomise the idea that the full truth is hidden by face value. The phrase: â€Å"dagger of the mind† doesn’t merely mean an imaginary weapon, but also the bane of the mind – a rancour in his peace. Only both meanings together can convey Macbeth’s turmoil and the depth of his thoughts. The image of blood in ‘gouts’, the darkness of night, and the non-restriction of action to merely human agencies are potent elements of this soliloquy. These are what create the ominous ambience of the play. According to Bradley, â€Å"macbeth gives the impression of a black night broken by flashes of light and colour.† Here, the glimmering dagger and the potent colour of blood create this effect. Such vivid and violent imagery are what characterises Macbeth. Shakespeare’s pre-eminence as a dramatist is due to his capacity to create vivid images that embody powerful human emotions. This soliloquy brims with such imagery and symbolism, and is imperative in promoting Macbeth, the simplest of Shakespearean tragedies, to be the most broad and massive in effect.

Article Presentation Mgmt 591

Article Presentation – Leader-follower relationship What is the issue that necessitates that such an article be written? The purpose of this article is to determine who the leader is and who the follower is, how they are connected and what are the differences between them. One of the issues in this article is that the followers are not as well defined in literature as leaders, not much attention is paid to this important group. Another issue of this article is how to develop good relationship between leaders and followers.Simpson and Harris proposed 5 ways in which leader-follower relationship develop. What strategies or techniques are used to address the issue? Once we are fully connected in our leader-follower roles, we have a foundation on which to build. Trust, energy, openness and attitude can emerge from within. We will be mutually empowered to listen to each other and to be aware of proper distance and positioning. Just as dancing is an art, so too is leading and follow ing.We can execute our strategic plan and still miss our objectives if we get disconnected along the way – from ourselves or from our leader. Your conclusion and recommendations. The common theme here for leaders and followers is frequent interaction resulting in a shared understanding and a mutual respect to achieve established goals. Much like any relationship, the leader-follower/follower-leader relationship requires mutual commitment and effort, and the input and ideas of both parties needs to be valued. My recommendation is clearly define which role plays each character-leader and follower.They both are very important in any organization, and they can’t exist without each other, because one comes from another one. Provide a list of discussion questions useful for leading a discussion of the article. * How do you personally define a leader and a follower? How to become a good leader/follower? * In your organization, who is more important –leader or follower? Why? * What are the guidelines that should be at the foundation of a healthy leader/follower relationship? * In your organization or in personal life, do you have followers? Why are they following you?

Law and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law and Society - Essay Example He expounded on several approaches to conflict management and then justifies why his movement has chosen the one he calls, â€Å"direct action†. In this regard, the essay will be used to analyze the conflict management approaches presented by Donald Black. Forms of Conflict Management Discuss and define the 3 approaches: From the lecture notes on Law as Social Control, there are three general approaches to resolving conflict are categorized into unilateral, bilateral and through third party. The unilateral form actually focuses on toleration where it was noted that the victim is perceived to be socially inferior or estranged from the offender. The bilateral form is parallel with applying negotiation techniques where both parties are deemed of equal status and seek some form of agreement or arrangement to settle their conflicts that would be amenable to both. Finally, if despite all resolutions techniques have been exhausted and conflicts remain unresolved, the third-party sett lement form requires seeking a neutral third party (not affiliated to any of the offending nor offended parties) to evaluate the issue and arrive at the most appropriate solution. Description of Circumstances for Application of Conflict Management Forms Using Donald Black’s article, entitled â€Å"Crime as Social Control†, the forms of conflict management are: toleration, negotiation, settlement, law and self-help. Self-help was defined by Black (1983) as â€Å"the expression of a grievance by unilateral aggression such as personal violence or property destruction† (p. 34). Law, on the other hand, was noted as a form of governmental social control (Black, 1983, p. 41). His focus was to present law and self-help as forms of conflict management that functions more as social control mechanisms. Using these forms of conflict management in the case of King, from the circumstances relayed in his letter, he clearly noted the application of a rational four step process in his nonviolent campaign in conflict management, to wit: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† (King, 1963, p. 1). But evidently, the form of unilateral form of conflict management was applied when toleration was upheld for the longest time. King averred that â€Å"we have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God given rights† (King, 1963, p. 3). Since he acknowledged that colored people have been discriminated and prejudiced for so long exemplifying the inferior status socially imposed, this form was therefore eventually rejected as effective and applicable. The bilateral form of conflict management had been applied when King noted that negotiations were apparently tried but proven ineffective. As proven, there were negotiations (or supposedly agreed upon settlements) made between the leaders of the Birmingham’s economic community and the Negro citizens in t erms of removing racial signs in merchants’ stores, for instance. Apparently, these leaders and merchants failed to comply with the promise as few signs were briefly removed but return eventually and others were not removed at all (King, 1963, p. 2). Therefore, ordinary negotiations were proven to be ineffective and were arbitrarily rejected by King. Likewise, the direct action through demonstrations were a call for further negotiations possible seeking third party infusion to resolve the conflict by invoking public protests to make others aware that there is a need to bring justice and equality to the oppressed. This option was regarded as the best course of action for reasons identified and justified below. Law intercedes in King’s quest for conflict resolution through admitting that their direct action do no violate any persisting law or

Inhumanity against Jews in the Shakespeare era evident in Merchant of Essay - 1

Inhumanity against Jews in the Shakespeare era evident in Merchant of Venice - Essay Example But in a study, Jami Rogers contends that â€Å"Shakespeare, however, did not write a one-dimensional villain, but a complex character who defies explanation and who will probably never be fully understood† (1). Theaters of Shakespeare’s society had a long tradition of portraying the Jews in as greedy, usurer, and Machiavellian. But Shakespeare indiscernibly appends a new humanizing tone to his contemporary trend of Judaic portrayal that upholds a Jew character as melodramatic. Not disheartening the audience who were accustomed to view the Jews as the biblical traitors of Jesus, Shakespeare has frequently has drawn their attention to the inhuman part of his society’s attitude and behaviors towards them both in Shylock’s own word and in the plot construction of the play. Following the long cherished tradition of the theaters of his era, Shakespeare has characterized Shylock as a typical villain who is even convicted with the intention of murder. At some points Shylock can be considered as the reflection of his society’s antagonism towards him. Though inhumanly behavior of the society towards Shylock becomes outweighed by the biblical allusion of a Jew traitor hungry for a Christian’s blood, the audience is frequently reminded of the fact that Shylock is the most oppressed victim of the society’s injustice. As a part of this reminder, Shakespeare makes Shylock speak in support of the Jews humanly existence in spite of the cultural and racial difference: I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? Shakespeare shows that a man like, continually facing his fellow people’s hatred and, antagonistic and humiliating behavior like spitting, stoning,