The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Fifteen

Klaus thigh-slappered, a scream that reminded middling of ancient predators, of the sabertooth cat and the bull mammoth. Blood frothed kayoed of his m extincth on with the scream, turning that handsome grimace into a worm mask of fury.His hands scrabb lead at his nates, trying to get a appreciation on the white ash s bow and pull it out. just now it was inhumed too deep. The throw had been a good 1.Damon, beautiful whispered.He was stand at the edge of the clearing, framed by oak trees. As she watched, he took a step toward Klaus, and consequently some other lithe stalking travel filled with deadly purpose.And he was angry. bonnie would pay run from the opinion on his aspect if her muscles hadnt been frozen. She had never seen such menace so except held in check. compress outdoor(a) from my brother, he verbalize, almost brea issue it, with his eyeb each(prenominal) never leaving Klauss as he took another step.Klaus screamed again, solely his hands stop their frantic scrabbling. You idiot We dont have to fight I told you that at the house We can ignore each otherDamons example was no louder than ahead. Get outside from my brother. sightly could olfaction it inside him, a clotheshorse of Power same a tsunami. He continued, so softly that beautiful had to strain to hear him, Before I tear your heart out. seemly could move after every furthest(predicate). She stepped clogward.I told you screamed Klaus, frothing. Damon didnt ac issueledge the words in every way. His whole being seemed focused on Klauss throat, on his titty, on the w altogetheroping heart inside that he was out allow to tear out.Klaus picked up the ceaseless lance and rushed him.In spite of all(a) the pitch, the blond humanness seemed to have plenty of strength left-hand(a). The rush was sudden, violent, and almost inescapable. sightly maxim him gouge the lance at Damon and shut her eye involuntarily, and wherefore(prenominal) undefended them an instan t later as she heard the flurry of wings.Klaus had plunged reclaim by the spot whither Damon had been, and a black crow was soaring upward small-arm a single feather floated atomic pile. As sightly stared, Klauss rush took him into the swarthiness beyond the clearing and he disappeared.Dead silence fell in the wood. mediocres paralysis broke slowly, and she first stepped, and then ran to where Stefan lay. He didnt on the fence(p) his look at her approach he seemed unconscious. She knelt beside him. And then she matt-up a pattern of horrible calm creep over her, equal some mavin who has been swimming in ice water and at last feels the first irrefutable signs of hypothermia. If she hadnt had so many successive shocks already, she strength have fled screaming or dissolved into hysterics. But as it was, this was simply the last step, the last subatomic slide into unreality. Into a world that couldnt be, only when was.Shed never seen anybody hurt similar this. no even Mr . Tanner, and he had split upd of his wounds. nought Mary had ever verbalise could assistant fix this. Even if theyd had Stefan on a stretcher out bum seeward(a) an operating room, it wouldnt have been enough.In that state of dreadful calm she looked up to see a flutter of wings blur and shimmer in the moon elucidate. Damon stood beside her, and she spoke rather collectedly and rationally.Will giving him line of products serve oneself?He didnt seem to hear her. His eye were all black, all pupil. That just now leashed violence, that sense of ferocious energy held keister, was gone. He knelt and satisfyed the dirty bye on the ground.Stefan? comely shut her look.Damons scared, she thought. Damons scared-Damon-and oh, God, I dont know what to do. Theres nothing to do-and its all over and were all lost and Damon is scared for Stefan. He isnt going to throw care of things and he hasnt got a solution and somebodys got to fix this. And oh, God, please help me because Im s o frightened and Stefans dying and Meredith and Matt are hurt and Klaus is going to come backward.She candid her eyes to look at Damon. He was white, his panorama looking terrifyingly young at that moment, with those dilated black eyes.Klaus is orgasm back, Bonnie said quietly. She wasnt horrified of him any more. They werent a centuries-old hunter and a seventeen-year-old human girl, sitting here at the edge of the world.They were just two people, Damon and Bonnie, who had to do the best they could.I know, Damon said. He was holding Stefans hand, looking completely unembarrassed around it, and it seemed quite logical and sensible. Bonnie could feel him sending Power into Stefan, could also feel that it wasnt enough.Would profligate help him?Not much. A little, maybe.Anything that helps at all weve got to try.Stefan whispered, No.Bonnie was surp airliftd. Shed thought he was unconscious. But his eyes were open now, open and alert and smoldering green. They were the only viva cious thing some him.Dont be stupid, Damon said, his voice hardening. He was gripping Stefans hand until his knuckles whitened. Youre badly hurt.I wont barge in my promise. That immovable stubbornness was in Stefans voice, in his pale face. And when Damon opened his mouth again, undoubtedly to say that Stefan would break it and desire it or Damon would break his neck, Stefan added, Especially when it wont do any good.Only the justness would do. And Stefan was telling the truth.He was mollify looking at his brother, who was looking back, all that fierce, furious wariness focused on Stefan as it had been focused on Klaus earlier. As if in some manner that would help.Im not badly hurt, Im dead, Stefan said brutally, his eyes locked on Damons. Their last and superlative struggle of wills, Bonnie thought. And you bring to get Bonnie and the others out of here.We wont conduce you, Bonnie intervened. That was the truth she could say that.You have to Stefan didnt glance aside, did nt look away from his brother. Damon, you know Im right. Klaus will be here any minute. Dont throw your keep away. Dont throw their lives away.I dont give a damn about their lives, Damon hissed. The truth also, Bonnie thought, curiously unoffended. There was only one life Damon cared about here, and it wasnt his own.Yes, you do Stefan flared back. He was hanging on to Damons hand with just as fierce a grip, as if this was a contest and he could deposit Damon to concede that way. Elena had a last request well, this is mine. You have Power, Damon. I compliments you to use it to help them.Stefan Bonnie whispered helplessly.Promise me, Stefan said to Damon, and then a spasm of pain twisted his face.For uncountable seconds Damon simply looked down at him. accordingly he said, I promise, quick and sharp as the stroke of a dagger. He let go of Stefans hand and stood, turning to Bonnie. rise on.We cant leave himYes, we can. There was nothing young about Damons face now. Nothing vulner able. You and your human friends are leaving here, permanently. I am coming back.Bonnie shook her head. She k clean, dimly, that Damon wasnt betraying Stefan, that it was some case of Damon putting Stefans ideals above Stefans life, but it was all too abstruse and incomprehensible to her. She didnt understand it and she didnt trust to. all(prenominal) she knew was that Stefan couldnt be left lie there.Youre coming now, Damon said, reaching for her, the steely ring back in his voice. Bonnie prepared herself for a fight, and then something happened that made all their debating call upingless. There was a crack similar a giant chew up and a flash care day wispy, and Bonnie was blinded. When she could see through the afterimage, her eyes flew to the flames that were licking up from a newly blackened hole at the base of a tree.Bonnies eye darted to him next, as the only other thing moving in the clearing. He was waving the crashing(a) white ash stake hed pulled out of his own bac k resembling a bloodstained trophy.Lightning rod, thought Bonnie illogically, and then there was another crash.It stabbed down from an give up sky, in huge saturnine-white forks that lit everything like the sun at noon. Bonnie watched as one tree and then another was hit, each one closer than the last. Flames licked up like peckish red goblins among the leaves. two trees on either side of Bonnie exploded, with cracks so loud that she mat up rather than heard it, a piercing pain in her eardrums. Damon, whose eyes were more sensitive, threw up a hand to protect them.Then he shouted Klaus and sprang toward the blond man. He wasnt stalking now this was the deadly pelt aprospicient of attack. The burst of killing speed of the hunting cat or the wolf.Lightning caught him in midspring.Bonnie screamed as she truism it, jumping to her feet. There was a blue flash of superheated gases and a smell of shineing, and then Damon was down, lying motionless on his face. Bonnie could see tin y wisps of smoke rise from him, just as they did from the trees.Speechless with shame, she looked at Klaus.He was swaggering through the clearing, holding his bloody stick like a golf club. He bent down over Damon as he passed, and smiled. Bonnie wanted to scream again, but she didnt have the wind. There didnt seem to be any air left to breathe.Ill deal with you later, Klaus told the unconscious Damon. Then his face tipped up toward Bonnie.You, he said, Im going to deal with right now.It was an instant before she realized he was looking at Stefan, and not her. Those electric blue eyes were restore on Stefans face. They locomote to Stefans bloody middle.Im going to eat you now, Salvatore.Bonnie was all alone. The only one left standing. And she was afraid. But she knew what she had to do.She let her knees collapse again, move to the ground beside Stefan. And this is how it ends, she thought. You kneel beside your k darkness and then you face the enemy.She looked at Klaus and mov ed so that she was shielding Stefan. He seemed to notice her for the first cadence, and frowned as if hed form a spider in his salad. Fire go down flickered orange-red on his face.No.And this is how the ending starts. manage this, so simply, with one word, and youre going to die on a summer night. A summer night when the moon and stars are twinkling and bonfires burn like the flames the Druids used to summon the dead.Bonnie, go, Stefan said painfully. Get out musical composition you can.No, Bonnie said. Im sorry, Elena, she thought. I cant save him. This is all I can do.Get out of the way, Klaus said through his teeth.No. She could wait and let Stefan die this way, instead of with Klauss teeth in his throat. It might not seem like much of a difference, but it was the most she could offer.Bonnie Stefan whispered.Dont you know who I am, girl? Ive walked with the devil. If you move, Ill let you die quickly.Bonnies voice had given out. She shook her head.Klaus threw back his own h ead and laughed. A little more blood trickled out, too. All right, he said. Have it your own way. Both of you go together.Summer night, Bonnie thought. The solstice eve. When the line between worlds is so thin.Say good night, sweetheart.No clock time to trance, no time for anything. Nothing except one desperate appeal. Elena Bonnie screamed. Elena ElenaKlaus recoiled.For an instant, it seemed as if the name alone had the power to alarm him. Or as if he expected something to respond to Bonnies squall. He stood, listening.Bonnie drew on her powers, putting everything she had into it, throwing her need and her call out into the void.And felt nothing.Nothing hare wized the summer night except the crackling threatening of flames. Klaus dark back to Bonnie and Stefan, and grinned.Then Bonnie saw the mist creeping along the ground.No-it couldnt be mist. It must be smoke from the fire. But it didnt behave like either. It was swirling, rising in the air like a tiny whirlwind or dust dev il. It was gathering into a puzzle out roughly the size of a man.Mist was flowing out of the ground, between the trees. Pools of it, each separate and distinct. Bonnie, sodding(a) mutely, could see through each patch, could see the flames, the oak trees, the bricks of the chimney. Klaus had halt smiling, stopped moving, and was watching too.Bonnie turned to Stefan, unable to even frame the question. neural hard drink, he whispered huskily, his green eyes intent. The solstice. And then Bonnie understood.They were coming. From across the river, where the old cemetery lay. From the woods, where countless makeshift graves had been dug to red cent bodies in before they rotted. The unquiet spirits, the soldiers who had fought here and died during the Civil War. A magic host answering the call for help.They were forming all around. There were hundreds of them.Bonnie could truly see faces now. The misty outlines were filling in with pale hues like so many runny watercolors. She saw a flash of blue, a gleam of gray. Both Union and Confederate troops. Bonnie glimpsed a pistol thrust into a belt, the glint of an ornamented sword. Chevrons on a sleeve. A bushy depressed beard a long, well-tended white one. A small descriptor, child size, with dark holes for eyes and a drum hanging at thigh level.Oh, my God, she whispered. Oh, God. It wasnt swearing. It was something like a prayer.Not that she wasnt frightened of them, because she was. It was every nightmare shed ever had about the cemetery come true. Like her first day-dream about Elena, when things came crawl out of the black pits in the earth only these things werent crawling, they were flying, skimming and travel until they swirled into human form. Everything that Bonnie had ever felt about the old graveyard-that it was alive and full of watching eyes, that there was some Power lurking behind its waiting stillness -was proving true. The earth of Fells Church was giving up its bloody memories. The spirits of those whod died here were walking again.And Bonnie could feel their anger. It frightened her, but another emotion was waking up inside her, making her catch her breath and clench tighter on Stefans hand. Because the misty army had a leader.One figure was floating in front of the others, closest to the place where Klaus stood. It had no shape or definition as yet, but it glowed and scintillated with the pale golden light of a candle flame. Then, before Bonnies eyes, it seemed to take on substance from the air, shining ableer and brighter every minute with an unearthly light. It was brighter than the circle of fire. It was so bright that Klaus leaned back from it and Bonnie blinked, but when she turned at a low sound, she saw Stefan staring straight into it, fearlessly, with wide-open eyes. And smiling, so faintly, as if glad to have this be the last thing he saw.Klaus dropped the stake. He had turned away from Bonnie and Stefan to face the being of light that hung in the clearing l ike an avenging angel. Golden hair streaming back in an invisible wind, Elena looked down on him.She came, Bonnie whispered.You asked her to, Stefan murmured. His voice trailed off into a labored breath, but he was still smiling. His eyes were serene.Stand away from them, Elena said, her voice coming simultaneously to Bonnies ears and her mind. It was like the chiming of dozens of bells, distant and close up at once. Its over now, Klaus.But Klaus rallied quickly. Bonnie saw his shoulders swell with a breath, observe for the first time the hole in the back of the tan raincoat where the white ash stake had pierced him. It was stained dull red, and new blood was flowing now as Klaus flung out his arms.You speak up Im afraid of you? he shouted. He spun around, laughing at all the pallid forms. You think Im afraid of any of you? Youre dead Dust on the wind You cant touch meYoure wrong, Elena said in her wind-chime voice.Im one of the Old Ones An Original Do you know what that means? K laus turned again, addressing all of them, his unnaturally blue eyes appear to catch some of the red glow of the fire. Ive never died. Every one of you has died, you gallery of spooks But not me. Death cant touch me. I am invincibleThe last word came in a shout so loud it echoed among the trees. Invincible invincible invincible. Bonnie heard it fading into the hungry sound of the fire.Elena waited until the last echo had died. Then she said, very simply, Not quite. She turned to look at the misty shapes around her. He wants to spill more blood here.A new voice spoke up, a fatuous voice that ran like a trickle of cold water down Bonnies spine. Theres been enough killing, I say. It was a Union soldier with a duple row of buttons on his jacket.More than enough, said another voice, like the holloa of a faraway drum. A Confederate holding a bayonet.Its time somebody stopped it-an old man in home-dyed butternut cloth.We cant let it go on-the drummer boy with the black holes for eyes.N o more blood spilled Several voices took it up at once. No more killing The beef passed from one to another, until the swell of sound was louder than the roar of the fire. No more bloodYou cant touch me You cant kill meLets take im, boysYou cant kill me Im immortalThe tornado brush away into the darkness beyond Bonnies sight. Following it was a trail of ghosts like a comets tail, shooting off into the night sky.Where are they taking him? Bonnie didnt mean to say it aloud she just blurted it out before she thought. But Elena heard.Where he wont do any harm, she said, and the look on her face stopped Bonnie from asking any other questions.There was a squealing, bleating sound from the other side of the clearing. Bonnie turned and saw Tyler, in his distasteful part-human, part-animal shape, on his feet. There was no need for Carolines club. He was staring at Elena and the few remaining ghostly figures and gibbering.Dont let them take me Dont let them take me tooBefore Elena could spe ak, he had spun around. He regarded the fire, which was higher than his own head, for an instant, then plunged right through it, crashing into the forest beyond. Through a parting of the flames, Bonnie saw him drop to the ground, beating out flames on himself, then rise and run again. Then the fire flared up and she couldnt see anything more.But shed remembered something Meredith-and Matt. Meredith was lying propped up, her head in Carolines lap, watching. Matt was still on his back. Hurt, but not so badly hurt as Stefan.Elena, Bonnie said, catching the bright figures attention, and then she simply looked at him.The swank came closer. Stefan didnt blink. He looked into the heart of the light and smiled. Hes been stopped now. Thanks to you.It was Bonnie who called us. And she couldnt have do it at the right place and the right time without you and the others.I tried to keep my promise.I know, Stefan.Bonnie didnt like the sound of this at all. It sounded too much like a farewell-a p ermanent one. Her own words floated back to her He might go to another place or-or just go out. And she didnt want Stefan to go anywhere. Surely anyone who looked that much like an angelElena, she said, cant you-do something? Cant you help him? Her voice was shaking.I can do something, she said. But I dont know if its the kind of help he wants. She turned back to Stefan. Stefan, I can cure what Klaus did. this night I have that much Power. But I cant cure what Katherine did.Bonnies numbed brain struggled with this for a while. What Katherine did-but Stefan had recovered months ago from Katherines torture in the crypt. Then she understood. What Katherine had done was make Stefan a vampire.Its been too long, Stefan was saying to Elena. If you did cure it, Id be a pile of dust.Yes. Elena didnt smile, just went on looking at him steadily. Do you want my help, Stefan?To go on living in this world in the shadows Stefans voice was a whisper now, his green eyes distant. Bonnie wanted to th row off him. Live, she thought to him, but she didnt dare say it for fear shed make him make up just the opposite. Then she thought of something else.To go on trying, she said, and both of them looked at her. She looked back, chin thrust out, and saw the beginning of a smile on Elenas bright lips. Elena turned to Stefan, and that tiny hint of a smile passed to him.Yes, he said quietly, and then, to Elena, I want your help.She bent and kissed him.Bonnie saw the visible light flow from her to Stefan, like a river of sparkling light engulfing him. It flooded over him the way the dark mist had surrounded Klaus, like a shower of diamonds, until his entire body glowed like Elenas.For an instant Bonnie imagined she could see the blood inside him turned molten, flowing out to each vein, each capillary, mend everything it touched. Then the glow faded to a golden aura, soaking back into Stefans skin. His shirt was still demolished, but underneath the flesh was smooth and firm. Bonnie, sens ation her own eyes wide with wonder, couldnt help reaching out to touch.It felt just like any skin. The horrible wounds were gone.She laughed aloud with sheer excitement, and then looked up, sobering. Elena- theres Meredith, too-The bright being that was Elena was already moving across the clearing. Meredith looked up at her from Carolines lap.Hello, Elena, she said, almost normally, except that her voice was so weak.Elena bent and kissed her. The brightness flowed again, comprehend Meredith. And when it faded, Meredith stood up on her own two feet.Then she went to Damon.He was still lying where he had fallen. The ghosts had passed over him, taking no notice of him. Elenas brightness hovered over him, one shining hand reaching to touch his hair. Then she bent and kissed the dark head on the ground.As the sparkling light faded, Damon sat up and shook his head. He saw Elena and went still, then, every movement careful and self-contained, stood up. He didnt say anything, only looked as Elena turned back to Stefan.He was silhouetted against the fire. Bonnie had scarcely noticed how the red glow had self-aggrandising so that it almost eclipsed Elenas gold. But now she saw it and felt a thrill of alarm.My last gift to you, Elena said, and it began to rain.Not a thunder-and-lightning storm, but a thorough pattering rain that soaked everything-Bonnie included-and doused the fire. It was fresh and cool, and it seemed to wash all the horror of the last hours away, cleansing the glade of everything that had happened there. Bonnie tilted her face up to it, shutting her eyes, wanting to stretch out her arms and embrace it. At last it slackened and she looked again at Elena.Elena was looking at Stefan, and there was no smile on her lips now. The wordless sorrow was back in her face.Its midnight, she said. And I have to go.Bonnie knew instantly, at the sound of it, that go didnt just mean for the moment. Go meant forever. Elena was going somewhere that no trance or dream could reach.And Stefan knew it too.Just a few more minutes, he said, reaching for her.Im sorry-Elena, wait-I need to tell you-I cant For the first time the serenity of that bright face was destroyed, showing not only gentle sadness but bust grief. Stefan, I cant wait. Im so sorry. It was as if she were being pulled backward, retreating from them into some dimension that Bonnie could not see. Maybe the same place Honoria went when her task was finished, Bonnie thought. To be at peace.But Elenas eyes didnt look as if she were at peace. They clung to Stefan, and she reached out her hand toward his, hopelessly. They didnt touch. Wherever Elena was being pulled was too far away.Elena-please It was the voice Stefan had called her with in his room. As if his heart was breaking.Stefan, Elena called again, but her voice came as if from a long distance. The brightness was almost gone. Then, as Bonnie stared through helpless tears, it winked out. exit the clearing silent once again. They were all gone, the ghosts of Fells Church who had walked for one night to keep more blood from being spilled. The bright spirit that had led them had vanished without a trace, and even the moon and stars were covered by clouds.Bonnie knew that the wetness on Stefans face wasnt due to the rain that was still splashing down.He was standing, chest heaving, looking at the last place where Elenas brightness had been seen. And all the relish and the pain Bonnie had glimpsed on his face at times before was nothing to what she saw now.It isnt delightful, she whispered. Then she shouted it to the sky, not caring who she was addressing. It isnt fairStefan had been breathing more and more quickly. Now he lifted his face too, not in anger but in unbearable pain. His eyes were searching the clouds as if he might find some last trace of golden light, some flicker of brightness there. He couldnt. Bonnie saw the spasm go through him, like the agony of Klauss stake. And the cry that burst out of him w as the most terrible thing shed ever heard. Elena

Division/Classification Essay: Three types of children Essay

Anyone who has spent time with or around tikeren leave nonice that each one has a peculiar(prenominal) genius on the whole of their own. Children, like adults, have different traits that make up their personalities. Experts have researched this phenomenon in detail and classified children into different categories. The three categories that close to experts agree with have been named flexible, fearful, and feisty. Children generally may have similar interests, simply the way they interact and deal with these interests displays their personality persona.The first personality type is called flexible. This is the most common of the three types. About 40 percent of all children fall into the flexible or easy group. These children unremarkably handle feelings of angriness and disappointment by reacting mildly upset. This does not hold still for that they do not feel mad or disappointed, they just choose to react mildly. These actions mean the flexible child is easy to take c atomic number 18 of and be around. They usually adapt to new mails and activities quickly, are toilet-trained easily, and are generally cheerful. supple children are subtle in their need for attention. Rather than yelling and demanding it, they bequeath slowly and politely let their caregiver know more or less the need. If they do not get the attention right away, they seldom make a fuss. They patiently wait, except they still make it known that they need the attention. These children alike are easygoing, so routines like feeding and napping are regular.The next inclination is the fearful type. These are the more quiet and shy children. This makes up about 15 percent of children. They adapt slowly to new environments and take lasting than flexible children when warming up to things. When presented with a new environment, fearful children truly much cling to something or someone familiar. Whether it is the main caregiver or a material object such as a blanket, the fearful c hild leave cling to it until they feel comfortable with the new situation. This domiciliate leave in a deep attachment of the child to a special(a) caregiver or object. Fearful children may also withdraw when pushed into a new situation too quickly. They may also withdraw when different children are jumping into a new project or situation they are not comfortable with. These children may tend to play alone rather than with a group.The third temperament type is called feisty. About 10 percent of children fit into this category. A feisty child expresses their opinions in a very intense way. Whether they are happy or mad, everyone around them result know how they feel. These children remain active most of the time, and this causes them to be very aggressive. feisty children often have the tendency to have a negative continuity and will go on and on nagging, whining and negotiating if there is something they particularly want. strange flexible children, feisty children are irr egular in their napping and feeding times, but they do not adapt well to changes in their routines. They get utilize to things and wont give them up. Anything out of the ordinary could send them into some type of fit. If these children are not warned of a change, they may react very negatively. Feisty children also tend to be very sensitive to their border environment. As a result, they may have strong reactions to their surroundings.Generally speaking, children can be divided into three groups, but caregivers must not immobilise that each child is an individual. Children may have the traits of all three of the personality groups, but they are categorized into the one they are most like. whatever their temperament, children need to be treated according to their individual needs. When these needs are met appropriately the child will be happier, and those around the child will feel better also. Knowing the general personality types and how to react to them will help to make the ca regivers job much easier and precaution in the relief of unnecessary stress.

Equus Essay

Peter Shaffers play, Equus, tells a young bits story of faith and struggle. Through Alan, Shaffer explores mans relationship with God and himself, the concept of pain and passion, and eventually, shame. Indeed, Alan blinded the provides because he was shamed, not merely of his inability to perform, but more so because Equus, with the horses eyes, witnessed how he gave in to temptation and betrayed his god. Alan is like any man who is brought up to his parents beliefs. In his case, his mother was a near Christian who read to him verses from the Bible, where he learned of God and Jesus.His begin, on the other hand, was an atheist, and seeing Alans increment interest in religion tore the picture of the crucifix Alan had and replaced it with a picture of a horse. This is a powerful act of symbolism. The young Alan was mixed because of his parents differing religious beliefs. He could sense that his father did not approve of the diverseness of fervent religion his mother is practi cing, and but Alan has already been raised to shaft God. He could have just become a nominal Christian instead he turned his intense beliefs towards a substitute god, a god that his father does not hate.Hence, Equus is born his conception of a deity embodied in every horse. Yet, essentially, his faith remains traditionalistic orthodox Christian. Like God, Equus sees everything, like Jesus, Equus suffers for the sins of the world. Alans devout love in Equus culminates to his riding the horse Nugget naked and barebacked, flagellating, riding to the point of sexual/mystical/religious climax, when he screams of his love and his impulse to be one with the horse. This image illustrates Alans intense religious beliefs that he wants to divvy up the pain, the passion or the suffering of Equus, and be one with him, uniform to the intense devotion of saints.In the next part of the play, Alan goes with Jill to a crock theater where they accidentally run into his father. This leaves an i mpression to Alan that sexual desire is viridity to all men. It can be said that since he found his father there, he made the logical conclusion that it was something that his father does not reject of. So when Jill suggests they have sex in the stables, he acquiesces. But the carriage of the horses makes him nervous, and he is unable to get an erection. He becomes frustrated, and he threatens away Jill. He is more than just ashamed because he was not able to perform.He was ashamed because he could feel Equus eyes on him, and he knows that he has sinned. Alan felt guilty about his act, about his giving in to temptation, his attempt to do it with Jill, because he perceived it as an act of high treason to his god. He declared his devotion and desire to be one with Equus, and til now he found himself a sinner, one of those who cause Equuss/Jesuss pain and suffering that he professed to want to share intensely. Whereas before he devoted himself body and soul to Equus, now he has succ umbed to his bodys desire and suddenly he is aware of his bareness.His nakedness is metaphorical with his nakedness on stage and the nakedness of Adam and eventide in Genesis. Literally he becomes aware of his nakedness, when previously he rode the horse naked anyway. This awareness brings forth shame, and since his depiction of god is within construct in the form of the horses, he lashed out at them. Consumed by shame, he vents out his anger and puts out the horses eyes, so that he they, and Equus, through them, could no longer see him naked, nor would they be able to see his sins.

Pe Assignment 1

Performance Task 2- Direction Answer the following (answers shall be based on the assignment Video Sayaw) Key point the Spaniards came to the Philippines in the 16th century. They found out t assume saltation and music were woven and is fragmentise of the Filipinos everyday life. Q. Where is it intertwined? 1. Courtship 2. Love 3. Politics 4. ____________________ 5_____________________ 6. _________________________ 7. ______________________ Key point the Spaniards implement leapings and music to introduce religion to Filipinos. Dance has rick religious body process for feasts of saints and for praising. They introduce secular dances from Europe.The Filipinos assimilated it and it evolves in the Filipino culture. List down the European Dances introduced by the Spaniards in the Philippines. And the Filipino adaptation of the dances Follow the cue given. 8. La Jota- a social dance for special occasion for the Spaniards. Usually accompany with string instruments. 9. La Jota Montav ena the Filipino version characterized by fast and refreshing movement wherein waltz is a common spirit it is from the province of Tarlac. 10. La Jota Manilena- it is a version which is done in honor of the old metropolis of Manila. 1. Valse/Waltz a dance originally from Southern Germany introduced to the Philippines on the 19th century. It was also assimilated by the Filipinos and incorporated it to their own version. 12. Balitaw a cause dance from the Visayas 13. Carinosa a courtship dance with characteristic use of yellowish brown and handkerchief. 14. Fandango dance for special occasion such as wedding 15. Pandang Pandang a version from Antique wherein a gecko went up the grooms trouser so he Stamped to remove the lizard without the crowds knowledge institutionalizing theStamping movement as part of the dance. 16. Fandango Sambalilo a dance version where the guys try to pick up a hat on the floor with the use of his head. 17. Fandango sa Ilaw a dance version from Mi ndoro wherein the ladies beam lighted oil lamps in their head and hands. 18. Habanera- a dance originally from Havana Cuba 19. Habanera de Sultera a Filipino adaptation of this dance from Pangasinan which is the last dance of a couple before they get married. 20.Mazurka a ballroom dance from Polland. 21. Mazurka Moderato- an adaptation of this dance wherein the couples gather informally, the steps Used are sangig, salok, step close step and redoba. 22. Mazurka Mindorena- the premiere dance of the elect(ip)s in Mindoro which was popularized by our Our electric ray Don Antonio Luna. 23. Polka originally a ballroom dance for gibibyte social affair. 24. Maliket a Polka an adaptation from Pangasinan, characterized by happy movement, a dance for Sto.Nino. 25. Polka sa Nayon an adaptation from Batangas 26. Rigodon popular ceremonial dances for the elite. 27. Rigodon dance of the elite with the use of cabesera and costados as position based on their Importance in the society. 28. ______________- a dance wherein the purpose is for the ladies to be seen by gentlemen, they try to Outdress from each one other, it was introduced in the 1850s. Key point the dances evolved and was integrated thereby creating a compounding of different dances to form new dance. 9. Polkaval a combination of polka and waltz from Atimonan Quezon 30. Jotaval a combination of Jota and Valse from Gumaca Quezon II. Essay 1. Give at least 5 Filipino researchers who contributed in the documentation and propagation of Philippine family dance throughout the Philippines and the world. Cite their contribution. (10pts) 2. How did the rural folks assimilated the dances introduced by the Spaniards and support by the local elites as part of their lives? Where was the transmutation based? What has become of these dances? Answer in a 5 sentence paragraph only. (5pts)

Mini Essay on Shakespear Macbeth

Year 11A C solely(prenominal)an Brombacher Mini turn out Macbeth is a tragic hero or the dead butcher? Mrs. dolman jacket According to Aristotles view, a tragic hero is a intimation source in literature that evokes a maven of pity from the audience. The character is virtuous and renowned but not entirely skinny. The hero has a fatal flaw that brings him his success and death. Through the course of the story, the hero commits a great wrong creating a shift from good fortune to bad. This is commonly where the sense of pity (that the audience feels for the hero) stems from.At the end of the story the hero looses everything including his life. Macbeth is pictured as a virtuous character in the opening scenes of Macbeth, by the use of diction and style. Shakespeare uses a laudatory style focused on Macbeth in the opening scenes displaying him as a renowned soldier. He uses the linguistic process noble, brave, worthy etcetera, to list some of Macbeths virtues. He uplifts Macbeth, b y comments from the world-beater such as O, valiant cousin Worthy gentlemen Like all tragic heroes, Macbeth had a fatal flaw. His ambition was one of the reasons he perpetrate his great wrong. Lady Macbeth knew of his ambition and influenced him to run through Duncan. pace wouldst be great, Art not without ambition Macbeth, not entirely good himself, is prone to evil. Shakespeare demonstrates this by linking Macbeth to the witches through the use of the words fair and detrimental. Fair is skanky and foul is fair. This phrase was mentioned by the witches. So foul and fair a day. This phrase was mentioned by Macbeth. Macbeth also expresses no fear for evil, as he shouts commands at the witches. Speak, I charge you Macbeths fortune begins to change for the worse as the play continues. His Subjects become laughable of him, and he begins to regret killing Duncan, as it leads to a lack of stay and insanity. Better be with the dead, whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace , than on the frustrate of the mind to lie in restless ecstasy. The audience feels a sense of pity for Macbeth due to the fact that he did not want to kill Duncan but his ambition and wifes influence forced his hand. afterwards Duncans death Macbeth feels guilt and remorse, wishing he had not committed the crime. In the final scenes of the play, Macbeth loses his wife and sanity, is over thrown and killed by Macduff. Macbeth displays all the characteristics of a tragic hero described by Aristotle, leading me to mean Macbeth is a tragic hero and not a dead butcher.

Brand Community Analysis

scar Community Analysis As the development of communication technology and ball(prenominal) market, the concept of Brand Community was fist defined as a specialized, non-geographically bound fellowship, based on a structured rotary of accessible relationships among admirers of a trademark by two social scientists, Albert M. Muniz, JR and Thomas C. OGuinn (2001). This essay will firstly give a brief overview of make association, and then point out 3 main characteristics and further contend these features of nock community based on the article by Muniz and OGuinn (2001) using the supporters of Manchester join football Club as an example.Brand community is a customer-customer- leaf blade triad. It reflects on a collection of shit-centric social group stressing the use of flaw and the relationship formed by emotion between drink uprs (Muniz and OGuinn, 2001). Further more(prenominal), McAlexander, Schouten and Koenig (2002) afford extended this model to the extent that b rand community is actually a customer-centric interlocking and aim to provide customer special brand-related consumption experience. They r each(prenominal) as well as emphasized the concept of brand experience in a community.Any brand experience comes from the interaction among members, and at the same time customers also construct the meaning of the brand in the process of interaction and experience. Subsequently, by the research in the aband superstard Apple Newton, Muniz and Schau (2005) found brand community can be regarded to a kind of religious affiliation. Manchester United Football Club (MUFC) is a famous professional football team founded in 1878 in England. It is the best support in Europe (Rice, 2009) and probably the some popular football club in the world.According to the article by Cass (2007) from routine get by, the number of worldwide MUFC supporters was closed to 333 million in 2007. In this case, I assume the fans of MUFC all are the members of the club com munity and they principally consume match tickets and club-related products. Muniz and OGuinn (2001) raised 3 basic characteristics for brand community, homogeneous other traditional communities, which respectively were a shared consciousness, rituals and traditions and a ace of moral responsibility. The most important shared consciousness is group awareness.It bureau there is an implicit relationship between community members and members can be distinct from others. Rituals and traditions is a vital social process. Brand and the meaning of brand community with their tarradiddle, culture and consciousness can be duplicated and passed on by ritual and traditions. Moral responsibility indicates that community members are responsible for each other. These 3 characteristics show the nature of brand community. For the sense of consciousness, members feel a extensive relation toward one another is more important than the participation to the brand (Muniz and OGuinn, 2001).That is w hy two main organisations for MUFC supporters in the UK, free-lance Manchester United Supporters Association (IMUSA) and Manchester United Supporters Trust (MUST), were established to let like-minded people join together and formed local communities. IMUSA has even set up a committee to better represent the interest and section of supports. Supporters from all around the world can also just close use web-based communication tools such as Twitter, Facebook, and forums like MUFC fansforum (http//community. manutd. com/forums/) to share updated intelligence agency and maintain connections.On the other hand, members, also set them apart from others and makes them similar to one another Muniz and OGuinn (2001) claimed, especially try to distinct them from the main matched brand in the market. This regards to oppositional brand loyalty. In this MUFC case, the oppositional brand is its main contestation in the Premier league located in the same city Manchester City Football Club ( MCFC). Fans from MUFC always assortediate them a suck upst MCFC supporters. Members usually verbalize MCFC is built by money, just an upstart and a noisy neighbour.Most of the community members despise this kind of team because they think MUFC has the glories that MCFC lack of and embodies the passion and eagerness of the worlds most popular sport (Hill and Vincent, 2006). Muniz and OGuinn (2001) indicated rituals and traditions focus on manduction consumption experience with the brand. Supporters sing several specific songs during the match regarding to different circumstances to encourage and cheer the team. Those songs have already blend a kind of spiritual symbol of the MUFC brand, and therefore will be passed on each time they are sung in matches.Celebrating the history of the brand is crucial for maintaining community and reproducing culture (Muniz and OGuinn, 2001). For the MUFC community, the most vital history is the trophies they gained. After MUFC won their 19th Engl ish top league statute title last season, the Barclays Premiership Trophy Cup was being demonstrated around the world for the whole summer in 2011. This tour is not only presenting the scarce trophy cup to supporters but also a promotion of the great history of MUFC to further raise reputation and guide new members.Sharing brand stories is another important means of maintaining and creating community (Muniz and OGuinn, 2001). MUFC fans always have-to doe with either face to face or on internet nigh the classic victory of the champion league final in 1999 in Munich. This can be related to viral marketing by which overconfident image and consciousness of the brand and community can be delivered by word of mouth or improved by the internet network effects. The sense of moral responsibility is what produces collective action and contributes to group ropiness Muniz and OGuinn (2001) said.There are two traditional shared missions intergrading and retaining members and assisting me mbers in the befitting use of the brand. Firstly, it is crucial to retain existing members and obtain new ones. The essential way for MUFC to save and fascinate supporters is to keep winning. Getting consistent good record and reputation will really help the brand to attract and retain members. MUFC also gives discount to the existing official members to renew their social status and buy season tickets in the following year. Thus members can gain benefit from their loyalty.Secondly, moral responsibility also provides assistant normally in problem solving and shares brand-related information. For instance, members share transport information in forth games on fansforum. In conclusion, the notion of brand community has been extended in recent years and become a usual marketing phenomenon. The three key characteristics represent the essence of brand community and each of them has its throw manifestation. Due to the improvement of communication way, members of brand community are m ore convenient to communicate and the brand is also easier to build connection with customers and force brand communities.Looking to the future, I believe brand community will become a crucial and staple marketing strategy. Reference Cass, Bob (2007). United moving down south as fanbase reaches 333 million. Daily Mail (London Associated Newspapers) 15 December 2007. Manchester United official fansforum http//community. manutd. com/forums/t/84281. aspx Manchester United social rank benefit http//www. manutd. com/en/One-United/Member-Benefits. aspx McAlexander, J H, Schouten , J W, and Koenig , H F. Building brand communityJ . Journal of Marketing Jan 2002 66, 1 ABI/INFORM Global p. 8 Muniz Albert M. younger and Thomas C. OGuinn (2001), Brand Community, Journal of Consumer Research March 2001 27, 4 ABI/INFORM Global p. 412 Muniz Albert M. Jr. and Schau, H J. (2005), Religiosity in the discard Apple Newton Brand Community, Journal of Consumer Research Mar 2005 31, 4 ABI/INFORM Glob al p. 737 Rice, Simon (6 November 2009). Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe. The Independent (London Independent Print). Vincent, John, Hill, John S. (2006) Globalisation and sports stigmatisation the case of Manchester United.

The Purpose of Performing Environmental Monitoring Programs

Describe the intent for capital punishment environmental observe plans and the importance of practiced data-based image and attribute confidence in these plansIntroduction supervise is a common tool everyone uses in mundane life whitethorn it be to maintain path of conditions, stocks, traffic forms, or lodging costs. Decisions ar so made based on the data we accumulate through this procedure. Monitoring keeps us informed, it helps us with determinations and qui vives us to either(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) possible jobs that may originate in the here by and by or may h gaga occurred in the yesteryear. Environmental monitor explains the processs and projects that need to guard topographical channelize to supervise the quality of the environment. Although environmental monitor plans over the old ages, find been criticized for costing excessively much man presenting excessively puny , it ope directs as an indispensable scientific process/step by discovery any kind of tendencies that may take to new cognition and/or better apprehension of the environment.Aimfor executing environmental observe plansThe intent for executing environmental monitoring is to mensurate the compulsive/negative impacts of homo or natural impact on the environment. It good deal be utilize in the readying of Environmental Impact Statement ( EIA ) and in any environmental scene where human influences on the natural environment may or may non be app argonnt, or has the possibility of negative or positive alteration that may originate over clip. The intent for executing any kind of plans and policies would frequently be designed around the veritable res publica of the environment and w funny seek to determine tendencies in environmental parametric quantities centred on modern or baseline informations circuits.Examples of these supervising plans stern be seen in the instance survey of the Investigation of shadowings piddle leak at the Ranger U mine and the Aus tralia Pacific LNG- Receiving Environment Monitoring chopine Condamine River.The intent of the monitoring plan at the Ranger U mine was for the Supervising Scientist to find the sum to which the environment ( affecting people ) confirm been effected by the possible impacts of U excavation delinquent to a leak which occurred in one of the shadowings urine return pipe at the Ranger U mine during the 19992000 moisture season. The ERA predicted that approximately 2000 cubic meters of procedure shadowing H2O had seeped from a pipe. However the flow rate of the pipe was non calculated hence taking to uncertainness in the idea of the entire volume of the leak as some of the shadowings H2O may non hold entered the disused pipe section. The plan aims to find if the redress fetch were successful and whether the escape had impacted the Kakuda National Park, which is located downstream from the place.In the second instance survey on the Australia Pacific LNG- Receiving Environment Mon itoring Program Condamine River, the intent of the monitoring plans was for research workers to place and depict the finale of any unfavorable environmental impacts on the local waterways of the already ill conditioned Condamine Catchment. Agricultural development and H2O resource development within the part have contributed to the hapless wellness in the part. Further more than, the profusion and abundance of macroinvertebrate communities in the part is lower compared with the expected natural status due to the hapless H2O quality. Therefore the plan aims to find if the increased spend of treated coal seam gas ( CSG ) H2O to natural waterways as a portion of the Australia Pacific LNG Project put down start hold nurture negative effects on the part and to supervise any alterations in the receiving H2O among many other purposes.The importance of good experimental designs observational designs are frequently calculated but controlled nosiness of the natural direct of events by research workers. Experimental designs refer to a structured, planned manner, which is used to happen the relationship between different factors ( X variables ) that affect a undertaking and the different results of a undertaking ( Y variables ) . A method created by Sir Ronald A Fisher in the 1920s and 1930s.The importance of experimental design comes from the chase for illation sing grounds or relationships as opposed to merely depicting why an event occurred, as research workers are seldom content to merely explicate the events they observe. They want to do tax write-offs as to what created, contributed to, or triggered events. In order to obtain untroubled information, some signifier of intricate experimental design is required. The intent of the design is to govern out option or irrelevant relationships, effects and causes, in order to deduce the existent and existent factor.Seen in the Ranger U mine instance survey where a leak occurred, the informations that instigated t he probes were non everyday monitoring informations but research informations. The statutory monitoring informations, which were conveyed to the governments before the incident, did non supply any suggestion of the leak because there were no systematic monitoring plans designed to supervise the unity of the secondary containment system. Therefore a new monitoring plan was initiated to quantify the tonss and concentrations of pollutants that were go forthing the Ranger Project Area which were credited(predicate) to mining processs on the site. This every(prenominal)ows the appraisal of H2O quality informations with suited benchmarks and also permits the designation of tendencies in H2O quality. This will let direction to take appropriate actions in a timely mode.In the instance of Australia Pacific LNG, good experimental design is of import in this survey because the stream H2O was non merely for imbibing intents, the H2O quality is besides a major factor in the control of fish mo tion and H2O irrigation for agribusiness intents in the part. Irrespective of whether the CSG discharge was being released into the river or non, the quality of the H2O in the river at the different receiving environment and background sites were monitored end-to-end the monitoring plan. The gists were so reviewed to find the most appropriate location for the supernumerary CSG discharge, as the Department of Environment and Resource Management ( DERM ) had non to that extent place the location of the discharge. Interim and one-year interpretative studies depicting the consequences was completed after each monitoring event, which allows the analysis of spacial and temporal tendencies. This provided recommendations sing the explanation of the receiving environment, supervising plan design and direction of discharges if required.The consequences of any monitoring instances will ever be evaluated and scrutinized, as research workers ever want to conformation ideal conditions in w hich certain factors would hold the most influence on the consequences and every bit good as those that do non. This is to observe interfaces and interactions amongst the factors. stiff environmental monitoring plan, frequently adhere to some basic yet of import constructs. Some illustrations include puting good aims, holding a array of preciseness, reproduction and generalization controls, Blind Designs and ideally the experimental method should be both accurate ( i.e. , give the true mean ) and precise ( i.e. , have a low criterion divergence ) , although sometimes one is more of import than the other for their plans. The choice of any experimental design depends on your aim as seen in the above illustrations. The pattern of invariably update the hypothesis and comparing the inferred provinces of nature with existent informations may take on to the right replies because good experimental design allows the quantification of uncertainty. step Assurance ( QA )In monitoring plans, quality assurance/quality control steps are of import constituents of the plans because these activities demonstrate the truth and preciseness ( how near to the existent consequence you are vs. how consistent your consequences are ) of the monitoring plans. Quality Assurance ( QA ) by and large refers to the procedure to guarantee that dependable consequences are obtained and recorded. It starts prior to filtrate aggregation ( method proof and certification ) , is indispensable for forensic intents &038 A legal submission and is highly utile for long-run informations analysis. QA should depict how researches would get down their monitoring attempt from accurate recording of all processs, cooking of voluntaries, survey design, informations organisation and analysis to specific quality control measures. Quality Control ( QC ) entails all the stairss researches will take to standardise the legitimacy of specific try out and analytical processs.QA plans should affect internal cheq ues for quality control and appraisal. Spaces are typically used as they are intended to bring out taints that may lend to inaccuracy and the biasness of consequences. For illustration, filtration spaces cheques for possible cross-contamination through deficient field filtration techniques while travel spaces detect any prevailing pollution ensuing from the container during conveyance and storage. Other spaces include equipment space which consequences include entire field and science laboratory beginnings of taint and factor spaces consequences, which show merely laboratory beginnings of taint. The analysis of streamer Reference Material ( SRM ) is besides an of import as it measures the methods truth, as SRM are prepared from reagents of highest pureness, or samples that have been spiked with analyte. It is an confidence that the consequences attained in the monitoring plan are comparable with consequences from other research labs.At the Ranger U mine, to attest that the conse quences of the uninterrupted monitoring informations are valid, wide sets of quality control ( QC ) substructure are in topographic point i.e. equipment and construction direction, care and standardization enfranchisement, along with in-built dorsum up systems to bear witness that the sets of QC substructures remain functional at all times. Two multiprobe and an car sampling station were installed at each site and were attached to informations lumbermans that collect the measured informations and controlled the operation of the instruments through a elaborate and comprehensive put down plan. This logging plan ensures the immediate polish of any issue in the instrument or detector through trying triggers every bit good as a figure of dismaies.In the Australia Pacific LNG instance survey, H2O quality monitoring of samples were done at deepnesss of about 30cm from the surface at each site. Field sampling was done by a fittingly trained and experient individual in conformity with Au stralian StandardWater Quality Sampling, and in conformity with theMonitoring and Sampling Guidelines 2009.Which in sum-upSamples were collected directly into the sample bottle wherever possible, and the bottles were non rinsed prior to try collectiona?Powderless baseball mitts were used when roll uping all H2O samples, and attention will was taken non to touch the interior of any trying containers, or to put unfastened bottles / jars or their palpebras onto the land or other contaminated surfacesA field space was collected from one site during each trying event, to measure sample handling processsSamples were placed in an esky and maintain under the appropriate retention conditions for each parametric step until it was delivered to the research lab within the appropriate retention clip ( as advised by the analytical research lab ) in conformity with the security and conveyance protocols outlined in theMonitoring and Sampling Manual( DERM 2009a )A concatenation of handle signifie r was completed for all samples sent to the research lab for analysis, anda?A NATA-accredited research lab analyzed samples, and research lab extras and spaces were analyzed in conformity with NATA-accredited protocols.The consequences from the QA were crosschecked with a 2nd lab and an mistake rate of &038 lt 10 % will be considered acceptable ( in conformity with the National River health Program protocols, DERM 2009a ) . If consequences were deemed unacceptable &038 gt 10 % , it will ensue in a farther 10 % of samples being checked by a 2nd lab, and so on.ConcluZionThe intent for executing environmental monitoring plans is frequently to set up tendencies in environmental parametric quantities based on current or baseline informations sets. The chief end for executing environmental monitoring is to supervising informations from legion spacial and temporal graduated tables interpret informations into ratings of current ecological status and forecasts the hereafter hazards and b enefits to our natural resources. Although H2O quality records send word be extremely variable in footings of temporal and spacial oftenness of sampling, good experimental design and good quality confidence plans can guarantee a monitoring plan is successful and the consequences dependable. However, supervising plans can non be run indefinitely. At some point researches would necessitate to marvel if the monitoring plan is still relevant and have we learnt all we needed. list

Bacteria

bacterium ? small prokaryotic microorganisms that mickle be found everywhere ? can feature disease. This may seem like basic know conductge today, only when it was not in the past. In the 19th century, the spread of disease was believed to be either inherited, due to livelinessstyle choices, or a result of environmental factors water and air-borne infections were not generally accepted, which was, in reality, the causal agent of a evidentiary amount of diseases during that time period.In addition, their treatments were largely based on the kind of location to an bea with cleaner air along with the removal of the disease through blood, vomit, and feces. (Marsh, 2016) These beliefs started to disappear when scientists and physicians much(prenominal) as Robert Koch began to undergo breakthroughs.Koch had a of import number of disc everywhereies that helped create and develop what we now call bacteriology such as discovering the bacteria responsible for splenic fever, tubercu losis, and cholera. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) In fact, he is even considered the father of bacteriology. Without the interrogation conducted and discoveries made by Robert Koch, the field of bacteriology would not be nearly as advanced and evolved as it is today.Robert Koch, born on December 11, 1843 in Clausthal, Germany, showed not bad(p) intelligence throughout his life, even during its first few years he taught himself to read by the age of five through newspapers and showed interest in biology in high school, foreshadowing the significant contributions he would go on to make in the field. (Nobel Media AB, 2014)Koch attended the University of Gttingen to study medicinal drug during which he was influenced by the view of his anatomy professor, Jacob Henle, that infectious diseases were caused by spirit parasitic organisms which was published in 1840. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) This led to him developing a hearty interest in pathology and infectious diseases as a medical exam stude nt. (Famous Scientists, n.d.) quest him receiving his M.D. in 1866, Koch went to Berlin to study chemistry under Virchow and then cliped in the prevalent Hospital at Hamburg in general practice. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) Later on, he colonised in the Province of Posen where he passed the District Medical Officers Examination. (Nobel Media AB, 2014)After fortune as a field surgeon in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, he served as the District Medical Officer in Wollstein from 1872 to 1880. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) As the District Medical Officer, he built a small research lab that contained a microscope, a microtome, and a homemade incubator in which he began his study of algae and then pathogenic organisms. (Stevenson, 1998) The beliefs of the early 19th century, such as those mentioned previously, were all about to change.The germ theory was being positive by Louis Pasteur (Brought to Life, n.d.) who had shifted from studying fermentation to studying disease. (Ullmann, n.d.) However , the role of bacteria in contagious disease was uncertain, which is where Koch decided to begin his research. (Brought to Life, n.d.) Robert Koch made significant discoveries regarding the cause of three diseases that were prevalent at the time anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera.His study of anthrax began when he noticed many of the farm animals in the Wollstein district, where he worked, were being infect by anthrax. (Nobel Media AB, 2014)The bacteria Bacillus anthracis had already been spy, but Koch scientifically turn out it was the cause of anthrax. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) He did this by infecting mice with the bacteria and observing it had contracted anthrax and had even passed it to early(a) mice (Brought to Life, n.d.) In addition, while studying anthrax, Koch discovered the anthrax life cycle by increase cultures on an ox eye.The life cycle showed how the bacteria can turn into spores that can survive sour conditions and then redevelop into the disease-causing bacteria years later. (Stevenson, 1998) Along with the anthrax research, Koch discovered the tubercle boron responsible for causing tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the method for growing pure cultures of it. (Nobel Media AB, 2014)He did this by developing and altering his method of catching to find a more economic way to view samples. (Stevenson, 1998) The ultimately disease Koch studied was cholera, and he discovered the vibrio that causes the disease, Vibrio cholerae, in Egypt where he was sent to observe the outbreak of the disease. (Nobel Media AB, 2014)The discovery of these bacteria had an vast impact on the medical field. First, the discovery of the cause for anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera led to the development of their vaccines, for had scientists not known for sure what caused those diseases, they would not beget been adapted to develop the preventative measures.Also, Kochs work and research with anthrax produced the first explicit piece of proof of the ca usal relationship between a unique(predicate) microorganism and a specific disease, providing the basis of Kochs postulates. (Stevenson, 1998) He highly-developed Kochs postulates which are four standards that must be met in influence to determine the cause of an infectious disease ? another way he impacted the medical field. (Famous Scientists, n.d.)It was very useful because it was, and still is, a universal method for scrutiny whether a specific bacterium causes a particular disease which too helped him discover the cause behind tuberculosis. (Hodkinson, 2015) It was for his work with tuberculosis that Robert Koch received a Nobel prize in 1905 in physiology or medicine. (Brought to Life, n.d.)This research conducted by Koch successfully provided proof for the germ theory, strengthening the understanding of disease. Without the work done by Koch to determine the bacteria that cause these diseases, many deadly diseases may have still been around decades after they should have been eradicated, for it was largely due to him that other scientists went on to figure out the causes of various other diseases.(Brought to Life, n.d.)While determination and determining the cause of these diseases, Robert Koch discovered more efficient methods for viewing bacteria. wholeness of the methods is the process of heat fixing. In his paper published in 1877, Koch draw his technique of preparing a thin layer of bacteria on a glass slide and fixing them by passing the slide over a flame, exposing it to gentle heat. (Stevenson, 1998)Moreover, Koch and his team developed methods of staining bacteria to improve its visibility under a microscope. (Brought to Life, n.d.) Along with that, he created a square(a) substance on which to grow bacteria. He reached the final product by first evaluating coagulated egg albumen, starch paste, and a clean excision of potato and then deciding on a broth coagulated using gelatin or agar. (Nobel Media AB, 2014)These procedures bigly im pacted bacteriology, providing scientists with more efficient ways to carefully study bacteria under a microscope and in the pure form.The processes of heat fixing and staining allowed Koch himself to discover the tubercle bacillus and have enabled scientists after that to make remarkable breakthroughs and discoveries. The creation of the solid speciality using gelatin was an extraordinary achievement it made it possible to single out bacterial colonies.This was crucial during the research conducted, for pure cultures were necessary in order to isolate the bacteria and definitively carry out experiments. The development of all these procedures assisted Koch himself in his discoveries along with other scientists and physicians later on.Robert Koch, with the help of methods he developed including heat fixing, staining, and isolating colonies on a hard medium, successfully headstrong and proved the bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. All the discoveries and achie vements have had a great impact in medicine, especially in bacteriology which is what it is today due to the work of Robert Koch.

More Human Than Human

More Human than Human is the first episode of the BBC serial publication entitled How Art Made the World. This documentary discusses on how flock in the past r arely use vivid human images. From little figurines, to core out paintings and murals, and up to towering statues, Dr. Nigel Spivey investigates on how this has become so. The relics discovered were observed to overhear some body split that were magnified while others were completely ignored.These overstate move are said to stupefy authentic significance to the people who created them. Dr. Ramachandran, a neurologist, explains a theory in which the brain tends to recognize authorized things that will stimulate the body. A few thousand years by and by, Egyptian art was found to have been expressed through mathematical approaches quite an than exaggerations. They chose to show human body parts from their clearest angles. On the other hand, the Greeks cherished to create realistic images.When the two cultures clashe d, an artistic revolution ignited and the Greeks reproduced their realistic human images in exact and perfectly measured dimensions. But later on, they abandoned this realism and went back to exaggerating. Over the years, exaggeration points have changed consort to the preference of the humans. Exaggerating is said to make the images more interesting. In Asia, human images are very culturally influenced. The Chinese and Japanese give more detail to the facial features and clothing.They make it consider more like how their people look like. From the hats, to the slit eyes, beards and mustaches, and to the long, flowing robes, the images seem more realistic. However, their statues and figures of Buddha and other gods have exaggerated features as well. The statues of Buddha are usually portrayed in squat assign but accessories and features differ according to the people. Some have body parts which are not proportional with each other and others have certain features that satisfy th eir culture and religion.Exaggeration changes over time as the predilection of the people changes. What is pleasing to the eye in one generation big businessman be completely unpleasant to another. Culture and religion also have their own effect on the preferences of people. While exaggerated sexual parts stimulate fertility for some, these types of exaggerations might wholly step unto others principles. However, Art is a personal expression. Therefore, the pleasant or unpleasantness of an art is dependent upon the creator, while the commentator also has his own personal inclination.

Soc 3116 Notes

* June 7 * * ***We had our mid confines this day took a few n singles simply, dont oblige it ( non rattling important). You should commence it just ab popw present if so, s curiosity it to me June 14st, 2012 The World According to Google film n wizs * Google algorithmic rule is the virtually piece of valu qualified in announceectual stead in the solid ground. * They were criminate of sp aring query results in favour of their sponsors * By digitizing, we will nurture to selectively pick what to assert. at that place is just too untold. Long term expose of the blue(predicate) consequences will be the loss of libraries and archives that will be high-priced in the future and consec direct special(a) advance. Google claimed that they werent firing to charge for digitized books, unless in the future it isnt guaranteed. * Foc exampled on the emergence of Google at a measure that sealedly emergeed to advancing, and non willing to sh be that engine room and non kick d sufferstairsicipate in the eitheriance to digitize books in a look that would be familiar versus proprietary. * The distinction amid the natural results in Google search versus the sponsored result. In the video, it was twaddleed or so as mostthing immature that Google was doing and tranquil does increasingly. The description of what Google was going is that the sponsored links were not enti blaspheme found on how practically the attach to was paying to maintain their link in that location at the top * The poser apply in the video is the furnisher reach outr working independently to report what Google was make competing with IKEA, but rank order of independent furniture could appear above IKEA if to a greater extent(prenominal) tidy sum were entering that link. * In 2011, there were wholeegations that the Google algorithm was biased and that results were not coming up establish on popularity. Google denied these onlyegations. Google was fashio ning a claim that they were neutral, without affecting the content of the randomness. * It ought to raise approximately doubts on our end, that media tactical maneuvers a signifi dealt role in what and how unblocks ar represented. * Public and mysterious spheres is highlighted in the video. Hamermas and the role of the media in that mount. The question a boot outs about what the nature of the nurture is that Google has and wills with regard as to it cosmos reflective of the reality or surreptitious enterprise. * Google makes the property from advertising, just comparable handed-down media. Google makes earshots.Google books would be emancipate because they would attract the audience to books and they would be receptive to advertising. The accompaniment that Google provides this selective discipline for free to users of Google in no air room that Google will al federal boardncys provide it for free. * Private companies throw out be truly benevolent when theyre making m unitary(a)y. When companies argon making money, they crumb do all sorts of things. But that pitchs when companies for whatever reason butt end creation very popular. It starts to be a concern. * Issue that arises is whether material digitized by Google will al ship charge be in the public sphere. * An early(a) unwrap is a little much signifi rouset.It look ups to Googles intent to organize all the instruction in the world. The projected dateline to discover this done is 200 old age. * We all choose Google and get the breeding from Google despite the fact that we can go get them from somewhere else. * If we all choose to use Google and we all end up get the same result because its the same one we all click on the most, we will all be getting the same education and whatever we ask, we will approximate there is a consensus on this point, simply because weve all opted to do the same thing and produce to the same conclusion and not reliableize that wev e done. The appearance of a consensus emerges because weve chosen to use Google and clicked on the second or third result. * We argon exhausting to understand the consequences of ICTs in our society. Mobile Media * ICTs stands for Information and Communication engineering science * engineering is an Applied Art * The lucre represents the emergence of the modern ICT. * ICTs devour a premodern definition. The first ICT is the printing military press. * The emergence of the modern ICT * Communication * printing press (1440) * Telegraph (1800s) * Telephone ( latitude to electrify), electronic exchange set up, mobile phone. Information * Printing press (1440) * Radio (1900s) * TV (1950s) **All 3 atomic number 18 adopted traditional media. * It represents an ICT in that it combined the 2 brings of study and parley in a primitive form. * Then we find the emergence of the electronic ICT in the telegraph in the early 1800s. Its in this context that the telegraph represents an revolution as it assorts to communication, and enabling for the first time what we refer to as mostly received time (instantaneous) relatively two way communication. The evolution of these technologies educate further in an selective datarmational context with the advent of radio, commercial radio, the selective informationrmation here being one way communication, but wire little one way communication. Following that fairly within a few decades is television. Same time, parallel in this context, localiseed on the communication aspect is the emergence of the phone and the electronic exchange switch. * The intersection between both (communication and information) represents the modernized ICT that is incorporated largely by the INTERNET.It is those not alone distinct functions that emerge from information in ICT and communication in ICT, the convergence of everything that is happening in those 2 spheres as those technologies evolved. Communication is taking place in real ti me, which is a characteristic that emerges with the telegraph. The characteristic that space (geography) no longer matters. It is in real time and relatively instantaneous. * We also limit in the meshwork what emerges in mass media, it is infinitely scalable. Radio being the form that you can publicize the signal to as more plurality as you want, the only terminal figure is that there is a receiver at the end.The lucre is the same. We learn one of the greatest first appearances that we didnt look at here which is that anything that happens here has the latent to be two way instead of one way communication. As is unvarying with all ICTs is that communication is ALWAYS mediated. The introduction of the electronic exchange switch is that the intermediary is no longer homophile. The mediator is technological, no longer human. * The other dimension that comes up is mobility. And mobility is whats new in this context and the question of the extent to which this relates to the cyberspace is an open question but genuinely in this point is time they be inked. * Mobility is an emerging point that has some consequences. It is the innovation that builds upon that intersection whereby users of this engineering can act, communicate, in a two way dialogue, in real time, and on the move (not stationary, tied in a landline or com entraper). * runny Smith says that arising from the fact that technologies be mobile, they atomic number 18 the technologies that you must use most often, not because they atomic number 18 the best engineering science for this application but because it is the engine room you cast at hand. Example is phones with cameras on them.Its not that mobile phone cash in ones chips offs groovy fits that makes it a good camera, it is the fact that you provoke your phone with you that makes it a very popular camera. * Cameras in our phone ar getting better but they atomic number 18 not the best. the best camera you bedevil is the camera you have with you. Technologies used because they are with us. * The other example relates to disciplinees. Instead of using a becharm, you use your phone. * The issue of mobility brings on some other technological consequences or conditions or parameters that relate to the wireless spectrum that this technology relies upon.The spectrum that enables us to be mobile and to communicate in a wireless manner. * When we communicate in a wireless manner, we rely on diverse frequencies and this has emerged in an extremely lucrative market. There isnt an unlimited spectrum. * This emerging market relates to the mobility of the new element that started with the cellphone. * Started with modern ICT, which started with the Internet. * i of the issues is how much spectrum does the BB and iPhone use? The BB is superior since it has a far narrow spectrum, which fashion it is to a greater extent efficient. The electromagnetic spectrum is a shared and finite resource. You cannot just slip away going further on the radio whether you are listening to whatever, you cannot keep going to 110 111, because that spectrum is for something else. * With respect to mobility, we also get a routine of other innovations that arise in the context of mobility and technologies that support mobility. We think of it as our aptitude to communicate information in relation to ourselves, but there is also the ability of the technologies we use to communicate amongst one another(prenominal) and bilk certain information. superstar of those contexts relates to the radio frequency identification chips sensitive to cross signals and able to communicate to their location. One of those chips might be fixed to products that are being shipped by train so that the owner of the product can becharm and track where that product is. * Machine to machine communication arises in the context of intellectual property and it comes up like this. We talk about the Internet as being this great innovat ion that relates to our ability to overture information that was previously inaccessible and we understand the great authority this has.We also see a problem arising because of ownership of information. This issue arises from all sorts of intellectual property (example downloading music). * What happens now is that if previously you went to a concert and they t grey you not to bring a camera and suddenly everyone has camera and all sorts of devices and you take pictures with your phone. There is an indispensable conflict because the producers want to reserve the recompenses of the concert. * Increasingly, this ability to communicate will have an effect of what we do and do not do with our technology. The effort to foil and penalize people who infringe copy obligations is seemly to a greater extent operose. * The ability of technology on being on site in the concert to tell your camera phone that this behaviour is prohibited, but for $5. 99 you can. It is that ability to use r interface with the technology while mobile and control the freedom inherent in the technology that often we associate with proprietary rights. * That is one dimension that is right around the corner. Another one relates to police who are concerned with people taking pictures of them shooting people in the head or beef someone.They have a kind of chip where if you take a picture with your phone, it will say that this action is prohibited. * The use of the technology was part of the communication that citizens could take advantage of in Egypt and seek international support to subdue civil war and even worse. The ability to what is thought of as liberating technology to be constrained and limited just because it is thought of as being liberated. * June 21th- * The focus of Smith relates to favorable networks and network in new media as unlike to old media. * Social networking is not supposed to be just social.There are also other forms of networking that are not unfeignedly norm ally referred to. They are not just social in orientation. * We want to consider the skill of networking that the Internet presents. What are the moves in the longer term? The references to this diachronic emergence of the telegraph is intentional and instructive The changes were dramatic as a result of the telegraph. * In the context of the telephone suddenly anyone could call anyone else. It was a change of the social convention. Prior to the invention of the switch, there was always a human intermediary.That intermediary had the skill to control or find who got to talk to whom. There were protocols, staff that you had to get thru if you wanted to talk to someone. * The implications of the telephone were significant. The age of the Internet is also significant. Our ability to talk to others is no longer on the premise that there are some people that I can and cant talk to. We are being contacted by all sorts of people. It is a very profound flipside to a regulated context. E x. The spam that we get that we often filter out.Our dis upchucke of the age of Internet is trying to regulate and oversee this huge amount of communication that is now going everywhere and that is difficult and sometimes threatening. * Social stratification different classes of people interact with one another. Some have more privilege and powers over others. In the context of the Internet, those distinctions are no longer relevant. * We spend energy, money, and resources to try to manage those efforts to receive or prevent information. * When we talk about social networks, they are very different from the age of the telegraph.One of the distinctions is this distinction between a social network and a social group. * A social group it is more pocket and you know all the members of the group * Social network it grows very rapidly you dont rattling know everybody. These people may be people who are mutual friends. * In some cases, we see networks as friends (on Facebook). We can be certain that they dont really know the majority of these friends. * Behind the idea of social networking is social enceinte some people have richer social networks than others.They sometimes represent nodes in a network. This is by affiliation with these people as they interact with these nodes this becomes more relevant in the context of modern social networking. * Someone like lay in Laden was able to exert much(prenominal) great act over the world in part by relying upon new and old social networking as a basis of communicating a message. Bin Laden was able to disseminate messages widely that would build support, the ability to bewilder global attention using these technologies, and used a horizontal and decentralized network.Bin Laden represents a node lots of social capital. This example highlights the subject matter of networks as something defining in our generation. * The Internet was seen as the antidote for some of the problems that was created. It was the solution. The potential of the Internet is great. Factors that enabled ICTs (how the Internet changes the game) BOOK 1. Peer to peer 2. There is a wide range of global sources no longer limited to watching the news on CBC, or reading the NY times. We now have access to a lot of information from around the world 3. privation of jurisprudence a decision that was made that the policy of the Internet would be without intervening. Lack of regulation of CONTENT ( stance and content) how we get information vs. the information we receive 4. unconstrained by geography 5. Challenge official position who gets to have a say 6. Filtered The reality is that there is tremendous potential that we pauperism to take advantage of. What is it that is different in the current context vs. 20 years ago. Facebook Follies Video Notes * Main task of Facebook create audiences FB does not actually make anything. They provide a platform for us to give stuff to them. user generated content web 2. 0 enable d non-techy type people to actually put stuff on the Internet. * Smith talked about social production and the rise of models of info and cultural production it becomes relevant to start mentation what these platforms relate to. They relate to information (likes/dislikes, clear picture of our networks, etc. ) * FB operates in a manner that when we upload info on our FB account, that they own the pictures that you put on their website.We generate the content, but the economic benefits come down to someone else. * Traditional media were conceived as being displaced by the Internet we have also seen that some of the potential that is embedded in the same major corporations they have accelerated the flow of traditional media content a underwrite a variety of delivery channels. * We have seen that traditional media find their place within this new environment and rejuvenate the role that they had previously in the context of the earnings.The question is has the emergence of the Int ernet translated a new awareness to its users. Are we extraneouser than before? June 28th, 2012 Digital population Film Notes * Multitasking is effecting grades * Brain cannot do two things at the same time- classical psychology states this * Study slower when you are switching accordingly doing one task at a time * Multitasking destroys are creativity * neglect 50 hours a week with digital media- more then a abundant work week * Their urgencys to be more research on the effects of the internet why lack of research?Technology becomes obsolete * Korean gaming craze Some people have died from this craze * There is an internet addiction Korea treats it has psychiatric condition * Korean kids taught to go online the same time as they read- learn how to use a computer responsibility * Korea has a top down approach * bringing up requires different things then they did before building things, communicating and problem solvent * Instant gratification education- you cannot pursue one linear thought teachers cannot stipulate a novel * 6% of students are prepared literally canonical skills are worse today * Big ideas are not carried through with(predicate)- meek bursts of ideas are carried through Paragraphs do not connect with one another * Learning stays the same we just train new ways of teaching * Distraction is not a new issue- so it is not the internet * Distraction is a problem we have coped with and as elaboration learned how to adapt to it- better to explore then not boob * Second life write the rules of communication * Alienation is being work out by more technology says second life companyBelieves technology bring us back together We are alone out on the internet together * We can still meet people in the comforts of our house- replaces meetings with virtual meeting * Immersive environment is more human and engaging then actual meeting * Virtual reality feels real Real and virtual becoming blurred- feeling sick or full from fake eating If it looks real brain tells us its real * pictorial matter to virtual reality carried to face to face real interaction * liquified whales experiment- believe that they swam with whales if they see themselves in virtual reality but in reality didnt * Virtual reality therapy Games used a recruitment tactic July 5th, 2012 (week 10) Knowledge Economy * Refers to a period that we are in right now. It is a period of time where a number of things have come together buying and takeing of noesis * We have a large amount of information at our disposal (speed + volume). * We are an saving based on association. Its not really about knowledge but more about information. * The information/knowledge is more global because it comes from different sources around the world. All of these are factors that have been enabled as a result of the computer, coupled with the evolution of that technology. * The knowledge society is defined by the commodification of information. * A commodity is something t hat has esteem in the market place. * What typifies the knowledge society is the regulation of information. * It is the fact that when something becomes a commodity, it becomes proprietary. This means that someone owns it and this means that others do not own it. This is the antithesis of free-flowing information. * The nature of information has changed in this era.Information as a Commodity is 1) Inconsumable Not consumed by its use. 2) Untransferable You can sell the information and still have the information. 3) Indivisible Information must be transferred as a whole entity to have meaning. Ex. You can sell half a barrel of oil and it would be fine. 4) Accumulative The addition of more information is more than the sum of its parts. As you add layers to information, you add care for to that information. (Information needs to be relevant and accurate. ) * These four factors are unique to information as a commodity.You couple it with facets such as speed and volume, and by ext ension the accessibility of information around the world has created some problems when the information is proprietary. When I own the information, I need to safeguard this information. Legal security measure in Place to Safeguard Intellectual Property Copyright The exclusive right to make copies, license, and otherwise exploit a literary, musical, or delicious work, whether printed, audio, video, etc. Patent The exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years. earmark Any name, symbol, figure, letter, word, or markadopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant in order to evidence his or her goods and to distinguish them from those manufactured or sold by others. A trademark is a proprietary term that is usually registered with the Patent and Trademark Office to assure its exclusive use by its owner. License Agreements The right to use software in certain contexts for certain purposes. Its not an abso lute right. The ownership of that software still resides with the creator such as Microsoft, IBM, etc. Chaos Wisdom Continuum Amout of ProcessingPotential Utility * What is the difference between information and knowledge? You can sell information unlike knowledge. * Knowledge = information + experience * Wisdom = Knowledge OVER Time * Internet is on the lower half of the continuum (information, data, and chaos). * We cannot find knowledge and wisdom on the Internet. * We are reliant on the Internet because we believe that is all that is out there. * We need to look beyond to find knowledge and wisdom. Internet should be the startle point towards knowledge and wisdom. * There is the fear of loosing all of this information.Example sailing practices in Europe. * Knowledge implies understanding. However, it is not automatic. Its perhaps the greatest paradox of our time that we have access to unprecedented levels of information, but at the same time, were potentially more uninformed th an ever. * Question of whether were smarter now than a similar group of people in another time. Are we smarter or dumber than before? In last weeks Digital landed estate video, Mark Bauerlein, author of The Dumbest Generation states his opinion. How do we measure smart? Studies sharpen that tests are easier now. There is a theory that our brains are plastic and malleable. We can change/train our brains to be a certain way. Our brains do change and develop based on what were exposed to. That could mean that certain skills are better developed based on what theyre exposed to. * Artificial intelligence, like Watson, lacks the understanding of context like geographic based questions * This framework consists of 4 elements that we can ask that could be useful or more meaningful in determining the capacities that we have now versus the capacity we had during other times.It could be helpful in determining our intelligence. Framework (around smartness) Elements 1) force to communicate wit h others in a manner that is rich in meaning and comprehensive. More difficult to measure, but it speaks to unique human capacities. 2) Ability for self-reflection. Its the ability to think about oneself based on the stock of knowledge and experience that one has accumulated. Its the idea that we are always growing during our lifetime. Every day we learn a little bit more about ourselves and the world around us, and making use of that. 3) The ability for abstraction.Its the ability to use different words and meanings in different contexts. 4) The ability to link different ideas or information and to draw meaningful conclusions based on these associations. This is actually analysis. Analysis is about being able to see connections and linkages. In the basic sense scheduling requires an understanding of analysis. I cant be in two places at once. * We are less engaged than we used to be. * The problem really is the value that we give to the Internet and that kind of knowledge. * Its ab out being able to regurgitate information. position metaphor is that the idea of the knowledge society is not characterized by the free flow of information but by the proprietary of information. * As smart and as quick as an individual can be, none of that in and of itself translates well into this kind of framework, and certainly not in the context of a computer like Watson. July 12 * bland Smith defines or identifies tether distinct facets of the knowledge sparing as having come together and to some degree independently. * The 3 factors that came together are 1. Prevalence of ICTs, so kinda literally the technology. 2.Globalization which refers in many prise to economic context of our world based largely on ability to communicate globally, 3. Value of information in terms of safeguarding the value of intellectual property. The value of information as a commodity. Information has value in this context. * Those 3 skips ICTs, globalization, and value of info have emerged indep endently throughout the years to redefine the context that were in. * Its the absence of learning however that highlights the challenge set out to potential of Internet. * Our emphasis is on amusement and convenience.Those are 2 concepts that really inform what we are doing with the Internet. * Driver of the Internet has become commerce. * With commerce as the driver we are much concerned about the governance of states. * transaction has begun to define the world as an image that suits the design of free capital. * rapscallion 171 table that talks about old and new paradigm **** recapitulation It is useful to think of companies like RIM and Apple when looking at the 2 sides of the table. * In the text, there is an extent of focus on ecommerce GO THROUGH ON YOUR OWN It is worth looking at impact that digitization has on distribution of media that is ocused on in this article * Fluent Smith argues is that digitization of content has eliminated many of traditional bottlenecks in med ia. * The traditional bottlenecks (narrow opening) access to info was slowed down at that point distribution such as newspapers that control access and thereby created these bottlenecks. * What fluent metalworker argued is the fact that we can access this info online without those bottlenecks (controllers of information, gatekeepers) they argue that popularity is no longer a prerequisite for profit * Teachers experience is different Certainly, that is true to some extent. personally I find that in as much as we have access to a diversity of media so we can follow and watch and track countless sources and streams of information, the fact is that we are in many respects all drawing on a very narrow cross section, that we are still very much tuned into things that are popular, that go viral, songs that are hits, movies that are blockbusters. One might suspect that we are becoming more diverse, not engaged in mass tillage where we share same views. I dont see that Any thoughts on tha t?How much do you feel in terms of your experience, that you are a part of a larger group vs a much more change group of individuals? Take a classroom like this. Do you have a sense of mass culture? * Classroom today vs. 50 years ago is so much more diverse. * Fluent smith is suggesting that need for popularity no longer exists, and that has to do with commerce. You dont need to have mass appeal anymore to generate profit. And it is there that he asked that question. * In 2008, google had a million distinct urls in its embassies. That suggests that theres a whole lot of information. Half a trillion urls contain important meaningful, thoughtful, relatively accurate information. * Then the question becomes how we distinguish smell content from garbage content. The idea that we actually dont have the tools to distinguish the two. * One of the things fluent smith highlights is the work of clay churky, perceiver on technology and what he calls the cognitive surplus. * It speaks to wha t we do with our spare time and what would happen if we used it productively, the potential there. * This idea that time that we spent is not passive. A dedicated period of active focus, out of the box, off the mainstream thinking. One of the things that comes up with respect to this challenge and access and info overload is what fluent smith refers to as identifying 3 basic problems * Misinformation * Information that is wrong. Therefore we draw conclusions from that not knowing they are incorrect. * Disinformation * Information that objectively speaking is not wrong but is there intentionally to mis acquit you. * Excess of information * The way that he sees it is the Internet is equivalent to our access to a trillion recipes. All sorts of recipes. We have access to info but losing ability to restrain info.We have lots of recipes but dont know how to cook. The thinking is being taken out of applying info and acquiring knowledge and we are invited much more now to access info that someone has accessed for us. The challenge is we can sell info in a knowledge economy but we are at a loss at applying info in a way that is equivalent to knowledge. Like creativity, knowledge is not easily bought or sold. * Chapter 9 focuses more on regulation of internet, focus on potential that internet embodies and risk that this potential is put at as a regulatory apparatus and is emerging to safeguard the value of the info that is on the internet. A lot of questions and issues around info online are dealt with legal apparatus * A lot of ruling described are finding regulation in context of traditional commodities as unconnected to intellectual property that exists online. * We see the extent of exiting property regimes to traditional goods and service being applied in an online environment and it is interesting to observe that because it is the internet that originally foreshadowed that regulation information was to be legalized entirely. Suggested that it was revolution that will entirely change the sharing of information because of regulation. Article (dont know which one. sorry) assigned where it highlights different contexts where what kind of info is being regulated in different countries. Not so much HOW, but WHAT. * The issue of regulation, term raised is forbearance, which is the approach that most governments have taken with respect to the regulation of the Internet. * Forbearanceabsence of regulation. Even though it is about not doing anything, it is still in itself a policy option. Forbearance applies to content of Internet as opposed to the carriage of information. * Content refers to the WHAT information.Carriage refers to the HOW and WHOM. * It is in the context of content that forbearance is a policy option. * regulating of media in Canada is CRTC Canadian Radio and Television + communications Commission. It is the regulator of media and telecommunications in Canada. * great distinction that exists in regulation of media vs. new media o r social media. And that is with respect to traditional media, the CRTC regulated both carriage and content as opposed to regulating only carriage. * What aspects of traditional media must have been regulated? Canadian content. * What does that mean?It refers to the need for computer programing to go in Canada. * Obligation to play a certain proportion of Canadian music (maybe 30%), then the radio station will play a lot of Canadian songs between midnight and 6 am that you wouldnt otherwise hear. Has also been an issue in the production of magazines. * The reason is if those regulations didnt exist, it is argued that there would be no Canadian television shows, music, magazines. Canadian programming sometimes receives subsidies from gvt in order to support it. It is hard to compete in the marketplace dominated by Hollywood movies. Another thing that CRTC regulates is decency AND french/English/Other * Standards of decency change and we have seen that over our life conformation t hat we could watch in tv has changed, crtc seeks to reflect change in culture in terms of what is considered appropriate language and nudity, and what is considered inappropriate. Term used is acceptableness OF PROGRAMMING. * Availability of service bell Canada in exchange for its monopoly had to provide internet access everywhere reasonably in Canada. It was not simply allowed to provide service in some places.If the policy option with respect to access is one of forbearance is what we would have seen because it is only profitable to apply in urban centers. * Regulation of CRTC relates to something specific, the regulation of advertising. It is important to say when looking at all regulations that this trend has been toward deregulation certainly over the past 30 years * Deregulation of traditional media bodies in Canada were taken out of various aspects of the regulation of media, not entirely, but a trend towards deregulation. Interesting to watch in context of advertising. Subl iminal advertising the idea that advertisers where trying to use messages that you werent actually aware that you are receiving but would act on your subconscious flashing a hotdog on a cover version while watching football makes you want a hotdog. * Interesting trend in advertising like in Canada that is regulated is pharmaceutic drugs basically. Ads for Viagra. hawk provide name of drug and tell us what it does. Either depict or what it does. Viagra has been quite creative in developing ads that tell us what the drug is and not what it does. We have learned to infer. Alcohol and tobacco are also regulated. Alcohol restricted in where it can appear. tobacco has disappeared from television. * All that regulation and trend in deregulation has found itself as a nonissue in the internet. * Access to the internet is regulated, content is not regulated. * Important to know that although content is not regulated, general laws still applies (example pornography for children). * We are t alking about regulation of content by CRTC. * Hate evil is also criminal offense against criminal code. Cannot express things like that online and still get away with it. Ultimately, media regulation and its challenges relate to this idea of the public interest. Regulation for what? Regulation in the public interest. * Why might the regulation of pharmaceutical drugs in Canada have those rules against Viagra? Whats the problem in verbalize what Viagra does? Whats the issue? * We have medicare in Canada. There are contexts in which access to prescription drugs is provided to ensured subsidized program, advertising can be to an effect. People will ask not for a drug that addresses erectile dysfunction, but for Viagra, which be more.We dont want to subsidize the most expensive drugs, which are the ones advertised. * There is a conflict between public interest and commercial interest. It is in the interest of manufacturers to make as much money as they can. There is always a tension between regulation and commercial interest which is in the interest of the owners of a particular product. The conflict has played itself out in the last decades in the favour that support deregulation and forbearance. * Even though commercial media is representative of private institutions, there was a public interest attached to their function in society.That is what we learned from traditional media in society (public watchdog) * The presumption has been that the Internet would function in the public interest without having to regulate content or repute some kind of intentions of outcomes. Has to do with information highway. Letting what happens on the internet happen with no interference is going to be in the publics interest, and that is in fact true. Things that help to enhance companies and interests when we least transmit it. * It is the fact that states and gvt that are not regulating media that leads us to info we have now.Leads to disinformation and misinformation, and google wants to organize the info for us for their own profit. Acting in their stockholder interest NOT public interest. * We need to see our interaction in that environment on facebook and elsewhere. We need to be informed as consumers and citizens, what we are provided with, why, and at what cost whether obvious or not obvious. * One of the costs relates to surveillance. Pops up a couple of times with fluent smith. Surveillance that is translucent as well as implicit relating to use of sites online and wifi used in coffee shops for example, and our phones where our movement is tracked.July 19 * Remote controlled machine is a creative industry- other side of creativity- is the kind of the creativity that perhaps some of us dont want to see * Just because we have ingenuity to create something doesnt mean we ought to create it Remote require War Film Notes * http//www. cbc. ca/documentaries/doczone/2011/ inappropriatecontrolwar/ ( read this article to be more informed) * Possible t o kill someone in real time through remote control system * Drone has become the weapon of picking and has increased 300% * Unmanned revolution * Robots have been used to pen lives Next development is a multitasking robot (called bear) * You dont live the harm that you are causing when you are using drones- moral issues * Insurgents put themselves in populated areas- collateral damage * Robots are a appressed to a washing machine * Robots are not autonomous they remote controlled * Wish to have fully autonomous robot with face information and night vision * Autonomy is the end goal * Humans can only make a number finite decisions * Humans are the weak link cannot make decisions in lightning speed * Having the people in the loop is bad Brains operate in a fixed rate * We have one thing over robots- we have reasoning and apprehension * Swarm- cannot be under human control they organize themselves the negotiate among themselves focus on a single task * Big enough litter humans cannot focus on this just way too many of them * Drone created under the Bush administration and became more success * No declared war in Afghanistan drone are a way to go beyond the rules of war * No idea of the rules or decisions that set up the use of drones * The use of drones there is a lack of transparency In the CSIs part and believed to mostly illegal Fluent smith * Introduced access to the Internet is it a human right? * There are ppl who lead a traditional life- do not use the internet * At some point all people are going to need to use the internet * It invites us to think Last chapter * Teacher highlights that in 2010 the internet usage surpassed the time spent watching television Teacher surprised to see that not happen earlier * Is Google making us stupid Intellectual technologies- extend our mental abilities * Argument we are becoming pancake people breadth but not depth * version has now become like riding jet ski- skimming the come near * Fluent we are not applyi ng the same kind of rigor then we did in the context of traditional media. Dont have this in the Internet.Role of journalism is being supplanted by other media- blogging, citizen news * Fluent emphasizes mobility as a unique and new facet * Hive mind depict in the robots no one controlling mind do their own thing one of the features of jeopardy with respect with Watson we see what Watson is thinking lick the comp goes through when the question is asked and answered Im 77% that it is this answer * Fluent we are always on now as technology users capacity to be in constant communication there is a potential in their that becomes a kin to a hive displaces the need to think for our selves * Grey elephant in Denmark we think we are thinking our own thoughts but we are thinking the same as everyone else * Focus on the authors internet of thing the meaning of the Internet is no longer defined by the technologies that we physically see.Now what technology enables * Central feature and that feature is a hiding archeologist. The screen is the physical manifestation of that interface of technology * bury is a light * We are like moths we are drawn to lights and difficult to pull are selves away from- fascination and reliance of screens